Anatomy and Physiology Answers

1. The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located IN THE WALLS OF THE TRACK ORGANS 2. The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage 3. The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called DIGESTION 4. When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called CHEMICAL DIGESTION. 5. The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called MESENTERIES. 6. From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa 7. Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? RENIN 8. What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? ENAMEL 9. The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the LAMINA PROPRIA 10. Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? cholecystokinin CCK 11. Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. Bile contains enzymes for digestion. 12. The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? plicae circulares and intestinal villi. 13. Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. 14. Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. 15. Which of the following is not true of saliva? contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins 16. The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? serous cells and mucous cells 17. The solutes contained in saliva include electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA 18. In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach INITTIATES PROTEIN DIGESTION AND DENATURES PROTEINS 19. Chyme is created in the STOMACH 20. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? PARIETAL CELLS 21. Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS 22. There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought 23. Peristaltic waves are waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another 24. Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS. 25. Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the CHIEF CELLS OF THE STOMACH 26. You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? AMYLASE 27. The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla 28. The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called HYDROLYSIS 29. Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? LIPASE 30. Parietal cells of the stomach produce HYDROCHLORIC ACID 31. Hepatocytes do not PRODUCE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES 32. Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? ENTEROGASTRIC 33. Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? B12 34. Chief cells ARE FOUND IN THE BASAL REGIONS OF THE GASTRIC GLANDS 35. Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of CATABOLISM 36. The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. LIVER 37. If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the SEROSA 38. The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ILEUM. 39. The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the CANINE TOOTH 40. Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? LIPIDS