1/11/21 A & P LAB DAY 1 EXCERCISE 1 - Body Organization & Terminology 6 Levels of Organization Chemical: atoms organized into molecules (organelles) Cellular: molecules organized within a cell. Tissue: cells organized into tissues to perform a function. Organ: Structures composed of 2+ tissues that have Specific Functions Organ System: related organs w/ common functions. Organism: All Systems integrated ANATOMICAL POSITIONS The standard position of the body Reference point Defined as legs Shoulder-width apart facing forward palms forward feet flat Toes pointing forward Arms straight down sides Front = Anterior; Back = Posterior Top = Superior; Bottom = Inferior ANATOMICAL PLANES Anatomical Planes Anatomical position Anatomical planes Coronal or Frontal Plane - divides the body into front and back sections. Sagittal Plane - divides the body into left and right sections. Median - divides the body into equal left and right parts. Axial (Horizontal or Transverse) Plane - divides the body into upper and lower segments. Frontal (Coronal) Vertical Splits front & back Transverse (Horizontal) Splits top & bottom Sagittal (Vertical) Splits left & right Doesn't have to be in the middle Lateral View Anterior View Term Direction Anterior (Ventral) Toward the front Posterior (Dorsal) Toward the back Superior (Cranial) Toward the head Inferior (Caudal) Toward the feet Medial Toward the midline Lateral Away from the midline Proximal Closer to point of attachment Distal Farther from point of attachment Superficial (External) Toward the surface Deep (Internal) Farther from surface Visceral Pertaining to the body's viscera Parietal Indicating an organ Caudal Relating to the tail or posterior Cephalad Pertaining to the head or anterior BODY CAVITIES Open Cavities Open to external environment Can be entered w/o cutting Lined by epithelium Ex: Oral cavity, inside the stomach / lungs / bladder Closed Cavities Entered only by cutting through a membrane Many of the internal organs are located inside a closed cavity Ex: Thoracic cavity, cranial cavity, Spinal cavity 2 Dorsal Cavities Cranial Spinal 2 Ventral Cavities Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Mediastinum Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity SEROUS MEMBRANES The Ventral Cavity is lined w/ serous membranes Pleura (encases lungs) Pericardium in the thoracic cavity Peritoneum (encases abdominal & pelvic organs) in the abdominopelvic cavity Anatomical Divisions Clinical Divisions 11 ORGAN SYSTEMS Integumentary Hair, skin, & nails Skeletal Bones & joints