University:
Eastern Kentucky University
Course:
BIO 273 | Clinical Microbiology
Academic year:

2022
Views:

44

Pages:

3
Author:

ilikemyicons0y5

Plasmodium Species Transmission: Vector: Female anopheles mosquito Lab Diagnosis: 1. Blood smear a. Giemsa stain used to visualize parasites in RBC Species: There are four important plasmodium species: 1. 2. 3. 4. P. malariae P. vivax P. ovale P. falciparum P. malariae: It causes quartan fever cycle (fever occurs 72 hours after the first fever subsides) P. vivax and P. ovale: 1. Tertian Fever Cycle a. Fever occurs 48 hours after the first fever subsides 2. They both produce dormant hypnozoites a. Hypnozoites stay dormant in the liver P. falciparum: 1. Most severe malarial infection 2. Irregular fever pattern 3. Parasitized RBCs occlude the capillaries in: a. Brain (causing Cerebral Malaria) b. Kidney c. Lungs 4. Banana-shaped in peripheral blood smear (lab diagnosis) Treatment: Treatment is divided as: 1. Treatment for all plasmodium species except P. falciparum a. Treatment in Chloroquine-sensitive areas b. Treatment in Chloroquine resistant areas 2. Treatment for P. falciparum Treatment for all plasmodium species except P. falciparum: 1. Treatment in Chloroquine-sensitive areas: a. Chloroquine i. Blocks plasmodium heme polymerization ii. Kills merozoites iii. Chloroquine-sensitive areas are rare. A few examples of chloroquine-sensitive areas are: 1. Caribbean 2. Central America west of Panama Canal 3. Some countries in Middle East 2. Treatment in Chloroquine-resistant areas: a. Primaquine i. Kills hypnozoites ii. Can cause severe anemia in G6PD deficiency 1. Check for G6PD deficiency before administering this drug to the patient iii. It is also used in chloroquine-sensitive areas alongwith chloroquine in case of infection by P. vivax and P. ovale to completely eradicate the parasite b. Mefloquine i. Also used as prophylaxis in travelers traveling to chloroquine-resistant areas c. Atovaquone + Proguanil i. Good combination for treatment and prophylaxis Treatment for P. falciparum: 1. Artemesins a. Artesunate (IV) i. Reserved for severe malarial infections b. Arthemethar 2. Atovaquone + Proguanil 3. Quinidine (IV) a. Reserved for severe malarial infections b. Side effects include cinchonism which can cause: i. Headache ii. Tinnitus Sickle cell disease is protective against P. falciparum Life Cycle: It consists of: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sporozoites Schizonts Merozoites Trophozoites Gametocytes (9) Formation o sporozoites in mosquito (1) Anopheles bites, injecting sporozoites (2) Sporozoites travel to liver where they mature into trophozoites (8) Anopheles bites (7) Formation of gametocytes (3) Schizonts are produced (6)Trophozoites in RBCs. Later becomes schizont which releases merozoites (4) Rupture of hepatocytes releases merozoites (5) Merozoites infect RBCs