Motivation Chapter 12

Chapter 12 1. The basic components of emotion are A. sympathetic arousal, parasympathetic inhibition, and cognitive labeling. B. physical gestures, facial expressions, and psychological drives. C. expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience. D. cognition, affect, and behavior. Answer: C 2. Who suggested that “we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble”? A. Stanley Schachter B. William James C. Walter Cannon D. Richard Lazarus Answer: B 3. The James-Lange theory of emotion states that A. to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event. B. the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal. C. an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion. D. to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion. Answer: A 4. Cassandra's mother told her, “You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside.” This remark best illustrates the ________ theory of emotion. A. Cannon-Bard B. two-factor C. catharsis D. James-Lange Answer: D 5. The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the A. James-Lange theory. B. relative deprivation principle. C. two-factor theory. D. Cannon-Bard theory. Answer: D Answer: C 138. Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities. A. problem-focused B. emotion-focused C. Type A D. Type B Answer: C 139. Who is the best example of a Type A personality? A. Valentin, a self-confident, intelligent journalist B. Kane, a relaxed, easygoing mail carrier C. Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president D. Thomas, an introverted, inhibited mental patient Answer: C 140. Who is the best example of a Type B personality? A. George, a self-confident, time-conscious mail carrier B. Wang Lung, a relaxed, easygoing dentist C. Henry, an irritable, impatient college professor D. Stasio, a fun-loving, hard-driving corporation president Answer: B 141. In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman reported that, compared with Type A men, Type B men were A. more susceptible to stomach ulcers. B. less susceptible to stomach ulcers. C. more susceptible to heart attacks. D. less susceptible to heart attacks. Answer: D 142. Anger is the toxic core of A. an external locus of control. B. the Type A personality. C. an internal locus of control. D. the Type B personality. Answer: B 143. For Type A individuals, exposure to stress is especially likely to inhibit organs such as the ________ from removing cholesterol and fat from the blood. A. liver Answer: C 166. To alleviate the stress he feels after failing a college course, Jeremy seeks social support from his friends and family. Jeremy's behavior best illustrates A. a Type A personality. B. a Type B personality. C. problem-focused coping. D. emotion-focused coping. Answer: D 167. Vanessa alleviated some of the stress associated with the death of her husband by becoming more actively engaged in her work. Her response best illustrates A. a fight-or-flight reaction. B. an external locus of control. C. emotion-focused coping. D. a Type B personality. Answer: C 168. Addressing stressors with problem-focused coping would be most characteristic of those with A. learned helplessness. B. personal control. C. a pessimistic outlook. D. a fight-or-flight reaction. Answer: B 169. Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the A. shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food. B. shocks were quickly terminated by the experimenter. C. rats could control the termination of the shocks. D. shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life. Answer: C 170. Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack A. biofeedback. B. alternative medicine. C. perceived control. D. Type A personalities. Answer: C 171. British civil service workers in executive positions live longer than those in clerical positions. This best illustrates the value of A. spontaneous remission. Answer: B 194. Volunteers who participated in an eight-week course of meditation training exhibited increased levels of the ______ activity associated with positive emotions. A. left hemisphere B. right hemisphere C. somatic nervous system D. autonomic nervous system Answer: A 195. Homeopathy and herbal remedies are forms of A. CAM. B. emotion-focused coping. C. biofeedback. D. spontaneous remission. Answer: A 196. Which form of treatment has claimed to correct imbalances of energy flow at identifiable points close to the skin? A. biofeedback B. aromatherapy C. acupuncture D. herbal medicine Answer: C 197. The natural disappearance of a disease is called A. spontaneous remission. B. the spillover effect. C. psychoneuroimmunology. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: A 198. One study of migraine headache patients found that the majority of those who received “sham acupuncture” enjoyed relief. The patients' pain relief is most likely attributable to A. a decrease in lymphocyte production. B. an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. C. problem-focused coping. D. the placebo effect. Answer: D 199. Whether a health care treatment is mainstream medicine or an alternative medicine depends on whether the treatment has been A. frequently used and is currently popular. ________ nervous system. A. central B. somatic C. sympathetic D. parasympathetic Answer: D 222. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system A. accelerates heart rate and slows digestion. B. slows heart rate and accelerates digestion. C. slows heart rate and slows digestion. D. accelerates heart rate and accelerates digestion. Answer: B 223. The sympathetic nervous system is to the parasympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________. A. inhibition of digestion; acceleration of digestion B. decreasing heart rate; increasing heart rate C. decreasing blood sugar; increasing blood sugar D. contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils Answer: A 224. Lillian will be taking an entrance exam for law school this afternoon. She is likely to ________ on the exam if her physiological arousal is ________. A. do well; moderate B. do poorly; moderate C. do well; very low D. do well; very high Answer: A 225. The level of arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be A. lower on easy tasks. B. higher on difficult tasks. C. higher on well-learned tasks. D. lower on well-learned tasks. Answer: C 226. Very high levels of physiological arousal would be most likely to interfere with effectively A. solving a crossword puzzle. B. repeating the alphabet. C. riding a bicycle. D. washing dishes. C. a visual stimulus always triggers a stronger emotional response than does an auditory stimulus. D. some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking. Answer: D 249. Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade depends on whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own low intelligence. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by A. physical arousal. B. relative deprivation. C. cognitive appraisals. D. genetic predispositions. Answer: C 250. Which of the following emotional reactions is most likely to precede any conscious thinking? A. hatred B. love C. fear D. depression Answer: C 251. Couples who are passionately in love most frequently communicate intimacy by means of A. averted glances. B. contraction of the pupils. C. winking. D. prolonged eye gazing. Answer: D 252. When viewing subliminally flashed words, we are especially likely to sense the presence of words such as A. mind. B. body. C. life. D. death. Answer: D 253. The most unambiguous nonverbal clue to our specific emotional state is provided by our A. respiration rate. B. hand gestures. C. body posture. D. facial muscles. Answer: D 254. The eyebrows raised and pulled together most clearly signal B. adaptation level. C. genetic predispositions. D. catharsis. Answer: C 277. If intense fears of specific objects disrupt people's ability to cope, they are said to experience A. catharsis. B. relative deprivation. C. the spillover effect. D. phobias. Answer: D 278. People report that they are especially likely to experience anger when they are harmed by an event that is perceived as A. unusual. B. unintended. C. unjustified. D. unavoidable. Answer: C 279. The catharsis hypothesis refers to the idea that A. every emotion is preceded by cognition. B. humans tend to adapt to a given level of stimulation. C. anger is reduced by aggressive action or fantasy. D. successful performance is influenced by level of physiological arousal. Answer: C 280. In which country would parents be LEAST likely to advocate catharsis as a way of helping their children reduce their anger? A. the United States B. Japan C. Australia D. France Answer: B 281. A television producer believes that violent TV programs provide viewers an opportunity to reduce their own anger through fantasy. The producer appears to accept the A. James-Lange theory. B. facial feedback effect. C. relative deprivation principle. D. catharsis hypothesis. B. anger. C. depression. D. subjective well-being. Answer: D 304. Research suggests that people experience the most happiness when they are A. eating. B. daydreaming. C. highly self-aware. D. absorbed in challenging activities. Answer: D 305. Researchers have found that certain factors are related to happiness. One of these is that happy people tend to A. be well educated. B. have many children. C. have a satisfying marriage or close friendship. D. be physically attractive. Answer: C 306. Differences among people's self-reported happiness levels are MOST strongly related to A. genetic differences. B. gender differences. C. age differences. D. physical attractiveness differences. Answer: A 307. The interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease is A. medical psychology. B. psychopharmacology. C. psychobiology. D. behavioral medicine. Answer: D 308. As a psychologist employed by a medical school, Dr. McNerney specializes in research on the causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress. Dr. McNerney is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A. educational B. behavioral C. forensic D. health Answer: D D. Charisse, a fun-loving, self-indulgent university student Answer: A 332. Friedman and Rosenman referred to relaxed and easygoing individuals as ________ personalities. A. emotion-focused B. problem-focused C. Type A D. Type B Answer: D 333. Type A is to ________ as Type B is to ________. A. realistic; idealistic B. introverted; extraverted C. hard-driving; easygoing D. optimistic; pessimistic Answer: C 334. Who is the best example of a Type B personality? A. Tammy, an ambitious, self-confident waitress B. Mauriucca, a relaxed, understanding social worker C. Tena, a time-conscious, competitive lawyer D. Juanita, an impatient, pessimistic librarian Answer: B 335. In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman found that Type A men are especially susceptible to A. stomach ulcers. B. cancer. C. heart attacks. D. lupus. Answer: C 336. The characteristic that most clearly contributes to the disease vulnerability of Type A personalities is their feelings of A. urgency. B. competitiveness. C. ambition. D. anger. Answer: D 337. Who would be MOST susceptible to heart disease? A. Marvin, an impatient lawyer who often becomes irritated with family and friends over insignificant matters 360. Hakim has terminal cancer. He reacts to the stress of his condition by feeling grateful for his life and accepting his oncoming death. His response best illustrates A. optimism. B. emotion-focused coping. C. a Type A personality. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: B 361. Research has indicated that rats become more vulnerable to ulcers when exposed to ________ shock. A. predictable B. uncontrollable C. low-intensity D. repeated Answer: B 362. When “executive” and “subordinate” rats received simultaneous electric shocks, the ________ rat was subsequently more likely to develop ________. A. “subordinate”; ulcers B. “executive”; heart disease C. “executive”; hypertension D. “subordinate”; immunity to disease Answer: A 363. Primates at the top of the social pecking order are less likely to contract coldlike viral infections than those with lower social status. This best illustrates the value of A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. emotion-focused coping. C. the fight-or-flight response. D. perceived control. Answer: D 364. After being crowded into a small dormitory room with two other roommates, 18-year-old Ferdinand feels he has little control over his environment. His body is most likely to respond with a(n) A. reduction of blood cholesterol level. B. proliferation of lymphocytes. C. decrease in blood-clotting speed. D. outpouring of epinephrine. Answer: D 365. Captive animals are more vulnerable to disease than are wild animals. This is best explained in terms of A. the tyranny of choice. B. biofeedback. C. emotion-focused coping. D. perceived loss of control. Answer: D 366. Optimists are more likely than pessimists to experience A. high blood sugar levels. B. the general adaptation syndrome. C. perceived control. D. biofeedback. Answer: C 367. Students who reported fewer coughs, aches, and pains near the end of the semester were those who had previously been identified as having a(n) A. optimistic outlook. B. Type A personality. C. emotion-focused coping. D. general adaptation syndrome. Answer: A 368. Amanda is stressed out because she thinks she's too socially inept to make friends with her new classmates. Amanda best illustrates the debilitating effects of A. spontaneous remission. B. a Type A personality. C. problem-focused coping. D. pessimism. Answer: D 369. Some studies suggest that stress is defused and the immune system is strengthened by A. relative deprivation. B. mirthful humor. C. carcinogens. D. HIV. Answer: B 370. AIDS patients have been found to experience reduced levels of depression if they have A. biofeedback. B. a Type A personality. C. a dog or other pet companion. D. high blood sugar levels. Answer: C 371. Research participants who received nasal drops laden with a cold virus were least likely to catch a cold if they had A. positive social ties. B. Type A personalities. C. shortened telomeres. D. CAM. Answer: A 372. People have been found to suffer fewer health problems following the death of their spouse if they A. stay busy and avoid thinking about their loss. B. communicate their painful feelings of loss to close friends. C. spend time thinking about all the experiences they shared with their loved one. D. quickly make plans for developing a new romantic relationship. Answer: B 373. Inga, a university sophomore, is experiencing stress and feels mildly depressed. She would be best advised to A. start a program of regular aerobic exercise. B. receive training in relaxation. C. make use of biofeedback. D. utilize complementary and alternative medicine. Answer: A 374. Aerobic exercise increases the availability of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as A. serotonin. B. B lymphocytes. C. carcinogens. D. T lymphocytes. Answer: A 375. Aerobic exercise is an effective way to A. reduce problem-focused coping. B. reduce lymphocyte production. C. reduce serotonin activity in the brain. D. lower the blood pressure reaction to stress. Answer: D 376. The growth of new brain cells in mice has been found to be promoted by A. acupuncture. B. biofeedback. C. aerobic exercise. D. the placebo effect. Answer: C 377. Neal Miller observed that rats decrease their heartbeat if they receive pleasurable brain stimulation when their heartbeat slows. This best illustrated that A. suppression of the immune system can be carcinogenic. B. biofeedback can facilitate control of autonomic nervous system functioning. C. loss of personal control heightens reactions to stressful situations. D. positive as well as negative stimulation can trigger the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: B 378. Electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses is called A. acupuncture. B. biofeedback. C. relaxation training. D. psychoneuroimmunology. Answer: B 379. Some paralyzed humans have learned to bring their blood pressure under conscious control by means of A. spontaneous remission. B. the placebo effect. C. biofeedback. D. acupuncture. Answer: C 380. Lewis has suffered from acute stress for years. He is presently learning to relax with a device that provides him with information about changes in tension in his forehead muscles. Lewis' case illustrates the use of A. cognitive therapy. B. biofeedback. C. emotion-focused coping. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: B 381. In a study of Type A heart attack survivors, Friedman and his colleagues found that the most effective technique for preventing recurrent heart attacks was A. acupressure therapies. B. pain control medication. C. relaxation training. D. biofeedback. Answer: C 382. A diminished sense of self, space, and time is most likely to be associated with A. spontaneous remission. B. aerobic exercise. C. meditative relaxation. D. emotion-focused coping. Answer: C 383. During meditative relaxation, a part of the ________ lobe involved in focused attention is ________ active than usual. A. frontal; less B. parietal; less C. frontal; more D. parietal; more Answer: C 384. People are most likely to inflate their assessments of the value of alternative medicine for the treatment of A. coronary heart disease. B. lung cancer. C. arthritis. D. Parkinson's disease. Answer: C 385. Alexis suffers from a number of different allergies, which she treats with herbal remedies. The placebo effect is likely to lead her to ________ the value of these remedies, and the spontaneous remission of her allergic reactions is likely to lead her to ________ the value of those remedies. A. underestimate; overestimate B. overestimate; underestimate C. underestimate; underestimate D. overestimate; overestimate Answer: D 386. A U.S. National Health Interview Survey found that those who attend religious services regularly were more likely than nonattenders to experience A. infectious diseases. B. a longer life span. C. psychophysiological illness. D. biofeedback. Answer: B 387. Religiously active people have _______ socially supportive relationships and ________ life-styles than those who are not religiously active. A. fewer; less healthy B. fewer; healthier C. more; less healthy D. more; healthier Answer: D 388. It has been suggested that a coherent worldview may contribute to the stress protection associated with A. an external locus of control. B. the fight-or-flight response. C. the faith factor. D. biofeedback. Answer: C Answer: D 83. The term catharsis refers to emotional A. disturbance. B. inhibition. C. release. D. adaptation. Answer: C 84. According to the catharsis hypothesis, retaliating against someone who provokes us can calm us down because retaliation A. relieves aggressive urges. B. reduces the spillover effect. C. promotes problem-focused coping. D. triggers the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: A 85. Which of the following children is most likely to calm down emotionally shortly after venting his anger? A. Jack, who attacks his intimidating older brother for spitting at him B. Jeremiah, who attacks his irritating younger brother for spitting at him C. Jed, who attacks his friendly older brother for no good reason at all D. Jason, who attacks his playful younger brother for no good reason at all Answer: B 86. A psychotherapist suggests that Theresa can effectively reduce the anger she feels toward her ex-boyfriend by tearing pictures of him into little pieces. This therapeutic technique is based on the A. catharsis hypothesis. B. adaptation-level phenomenon. C. James-Lange theory. D. two-factor theory. Answer: A 87. Charles Darwin's suggestion that violent gestures increase one's anger is most inconsistent with the A. James-Lange theory. B. adaptation-level phenomenon. C. catharsis hypothesis. D. relative deprivation principle. Answer: C 88. Employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. Research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will A. calm their emotions and reduce their anger. B. lead them to perceive their employer's actions as unavoidable. C. rechannel their anger into constructive motivation. D. increase their hostility. Answer: D 89. Rosaria is upset with her husband for not putting his dirty clothes in the laundry basket. Anger experts would most likely recommend that she deal with her frustration by saying to him A. “I'm not your mother. Take some responsibility.” B. “From now on I'm going to leave my dirty clothes around for you to pick up.” C. “It annoys me that you leave your dirty clothes for me to pick up.” D. “I refuse to make dinner until you do the laundry.” Answer: C 90. Mentally rehearsing resentments contributes to ________ perspiration levels and ________ blood pressure levels than mentally rehearsing forgiveness. A. lower; lower B. higher; higher C. lower; higher D. higher; lower Answer: B 91. The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel happy they A. are more willing to help others. B. make decisions more effectively. C. experience a more positive self-image. D. report greater satisfaction with their whole lives. Answer: A 92. Jed wants his roommate Dante to help him study for a physics test. Dante is most likely to want to help after he has A. helped some friends repair a flat tire on their car. B. received an A on his psychology test. C. heard that a friend was involved in an automobile accident. D. been caught cheating on a math test. Answer: B 93. Subjective well-being refers to A. empathy. B. relative deprivation. C. self-perceived happiness. D. physiological arousal. Answer: C 94. People's moment-to-moment positive moods tend to be highest near the ________ hours of their waking day and their moment-to-moment negative moods tend to be highest near the ________ hours of their waking day. A. later; earlier B. middle; later C. later; middle D. early; middle Answer: B 95. After receiving very bad news, people ________ the duration of their negative emotions. A. overestimate B. accurately estimate C. slightly underestimate D. radically underestimate Answer: A 96. The loss of an arm in an automobile accident is likely to ________ a person's long-term feelings of life satisfaction. Winning a million-dollar casino jackpot is likely to ________ a person's long-term feelings of life satisfaction. A. decrease; have little effect on B. decrease; increase C. have little effect on; increase D. have little effect on; have little effect on Answer: D 97. Enjoying your second piece of pie less than your first illustrates A. the spillover effect. B. relative deprivation. C. the general adaptation syndrome. D. the diminishing returns phenomenon. Answer: D 98. The diminishing returns phenomenon is familiar to economists as diminishing A. objective well-being. B. relative deprivation. C. general adaption. D. marginal utility. Answer: D 99. During the last four decades, the buying power of Americans has ________ and their self-reported personal happiness has ________. A. remained almost unchanged; decreased B. increased; remained almost unchanged C. remained almost unchanged; increased D. remained almost unchanged; remained almost unchanged Answer: B 100. People are likely to experience higher levels of ________ if they seek to contribute to their communities rather than simply strive for personal wealth and power. A. relative deprivation B. facial feedback C. subjective well-being D. the general adaptation syndrome Answer: C 101. Which of the following best explains why, for those who are not poor, more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness? A. the spillover effect B. the general adaptation syndrome C. the adaptation-level phenomenon D. the do-good, feel-good phenomenon Answer: C 102. The adaptationlevel phenomenon refers to the A. perception that one is worse off than those with whom one compares oneself. B. tendency for standards of judgment to be heavily influenced by previous experiences. C. tendency for emotional release to reduce levels of physiological arousal. D. tendency for evolution to favor organisms that adapt best to the environment. Answer: B 103. Rannilt was euphoric after learning that she had been accepted by the medical school of her choice. After a few weeks, however, she is only mildly excited when she thinks about her admission to medical school. This change in her feelings can best be explained in terms of A. the catharsis hypothesis. B. relative deprivation. C. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. D. the adaptation-level phenomenon. Answer: D 104. Relative deprivation refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by A. genetics. B. previous experiences. C. physiological arousal. D. others' attainments. Answer: D 105. During World War II, promotion rates in the U.S. Air Corps were so rapid for the group as a whole that many individual soldiers in this military branch were unhappy about the speed at which they were promoted. Their unhappiness is best explained in terms of A. the adaptation-level phenomenon. B. relative deprivation. C. the two-factor theory. D. the catharsis hypothesis. Answer: B 106. Haley's parents bought her a used bicycle for her birthday. She was thrilled until she learned that her best friend received a brand new bicycle for her birthday. Haley's declining satisfaction illustrates A. relative deprivation. B. the adaptation-level phenomenon. C. the catharsis hypothesis. D. the facial feedback effect. Answer: A 107. Winston has a very negative academic self-concept because most of his classmates are more academically advanced than he is. Winston's experience best illustrates A. the adaptation-level phenomenon. B. the two-factor theory. C. relative deprivation. D. the James-Lange theory. Answer: C 108. Logan is an unsuccessful businessman who feels little satisfaction with life. To increase his subjective wellbeing, Logan should A. imagine what his own life might be like if he became rich and famous. B. compare himself with friends who became rich and successful. C. recall past moments when his life was much more pleasant than it is now. D. imagine what his life might be like if he were suffering from a fatal disease. Answer: D 109. One way for people to improve their own subjective well-being is to A. focus more attention on themselves. B. participate in regular aerobic exercise. C. overestimate how much they can accomplish. D. do all of these things. Answer: B 110. Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction? A. being well educated B. having children C. having a meaningful religious faith D. being physically attractive Answer: C 111. A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people A. sleep well. B. are well educated. C. have a happy marriage. D. have a meaningful religious faith. Answer: B 112. The subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as A. medical psychology. B. health psychology. C. behavioral psychology. D. psychobiology. Answer: B 113. The university's psychology department and school of medicine are cosponsoring a new professional program that applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease. They are clearly offering a new degree in A. medical psychology. B. human engineering. C. holistic medicine. D. behavioral medicine. Answer: D 114. The text defines stress as A. the experience of conflicting motives that produce anxiety and tension. B. the process by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges. C. the blocking of an attempt to reach some important goal. D. physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion. Answer: B 115. While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are A. stressors. B. stress reactions. stress appraisal. C. D. emotion-focused coping. Answer: B 116. Rush hour traffic is to upset stomach as ________ is to ________. A. fight; flight B. Type B; Type A C. lymphocyte; macrophage D. stressor; stress reaction Answer: D 117. Luigi minimized the stress of testing positive for HIV by viewing this circumstance as an opportunity for a renewed religious commitment and spiritual growth. His reaction best illustrates the importance of A. spontaneous remission. B. the Type A personality. C. biofeedback D. stress appraisal. Answer: D 118. In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ________ into the bloodstream. A. epinephrine and norepinephrine B. acetylcholine and endorphins C. lymphocytes and glucocorticoids D. estrogen and testosterone Answer: A 119. In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by A. an external locus of control. B. carcinogens. C. the sympathetic nervous system. D. biofeedback. Answer: C 120. As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system. A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. somatic D. central Answer: B 121. In response to stress, the adrenal glands release A. epinephrine. B. lymphocytes. C. carcinogens. D. serotonin. Answer: A 122. The central core of the adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone A. serotonin. B. cortisol. C. oxytocin. D. norepinephrine. Answer: D 123. Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger A. biofeedback. B. lowered blood sugar levels. C. a fight-or-flight reaction. D. an increase in the production of lymphocytes. Answer: C 124. Following a catastrophic earthquake, residents of one community came together and provided each other with emotional support. This reaction best illustrates A. biofeedback. B. an external locus of control. C. the tend-and-befriend response. D. the ABC program. Answer: C 125. A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as A. serotonin. B. cortisol. C. norepinephrine. D. oxytocin. Answer: D 126. The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the A. production of endorphins. B. body's response to aerobic exercise. C. body's response to prolonged stress. D. process of biofeedback. Answer: C 127. The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are A. attention, comprehension, and resistance. B. alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. C. adrenal release, cognitive appraisal, and stomach ulceration. D. reactive frustration, sympathetic arousal, and parasympathetic inhibition. Answer: B 128. Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing? A. resistance B. alarm reaction C. adjustment D. exhaustion Answer: B 129. Resistance to stress is greatest during ________ of the GAS. A. Phase 1 B. Phase 2 C. Phase 3 D. Phase 4 Answer: B 130. The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by A. resistance. B. exhaustion. C. an alarm reaction. D. a tend-and-befriend response. Answer: B 131. Aging women who had experienced prolonged stress as caregivers for children with serious disorders experienced a premature decrease in the size of their A. adrenal glands. B. frontal lobes. C. telomeres. D. lymphocytes. Answer: C 132. In the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, two-thirds of Americans responding to a University of Michigan survey reported A. sleeping difficulties. B. coronary heart disease. C. stomach ulcers. D. upper respiratory infections. Answer: A 133. Research on stressful life events indicates that A. those who live a relatively peaceful, monastic life actually suffer a higher-than-average rate of heart attacks. B. those who have been recently widowed, fired, or divorced are more vulnerable to disease. C. survivors of a natural disaster are immunized against stress and have fewer long-term health problems. D. all of these statements are true. Answer: B 134. The pervasiveness of stress is best illustrated by the fact that the most significant category of life-event stressors involves A. the spillover effect. B. aerobic exercise. C. everyday annoyances. D. biofeedback. Answer: C 135. Because of poverty, unemployment, and overcrowding, residents of impoverished areas are especially likely to experience A. spontaneous remission. B. low blood sugar levels. C. the proliferation of lymphocytes. D. hypertension. Answer: D 136. Hypertension rates are highest in those European countries where people report the lowest A. blood cholesterol levels. B. relative deprivation. C. coronary heart disease. D. subjective well-being. Answer: D 137. The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by A. biofeedback. B. a Type B personality. C. high blood pressure. D. an internal locus of control. Answer: C 138. Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities. A. problem-focused B. emotion-focused C. Type A D. Type B Answer: C 139. Who is the best example of a Type A personality? A. Valentin, a self-confident, intelligent journalist B. Kane, a relaxed, easygoing mail carrier C. Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president D. Thomas, an introverted, inhibited mental patient Answer: C 140. Who is the best example of a Type B personality? A. George, a self-confident, time-conscious mail carrier B. Wang Lung, a relaxed, easygoing dentist C. Henry, an irritable, impatient college professor D. Stasio, a fun-loving, hard-driving corporation president Answer: B 141. In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman reported that, compared with Type A men, Type B men were A. more susceptible to stomach ulcers. B. less susceptible to stomach ulcers. C. more susceptible to heart attacks. D. less susceptible to heart attacks. Answer: D 142. Anger is the toxic core of A. an external locus of control. B. the Type A personality. C. an internal locus of control. D. the Type B personality. Answer: B 143. For Type A individuals, exposure to stress is especially likely to inhibit organs such as the ________ from removing cholesterol and fat from the blood. A. liver B. thyroid gland C. pancreas D. adrenal glands Answer: A 144. Bernard is an ambitious, highly competitive corporate lawyer who recently had a heart attack. He tends to be impatient and a perfectionist, and he gets angry over little things. Research suggests that Bernard's susceptibility to heart attacks may be most closely linked to his A. ambition. B. anger. C. perfectionism. D. competitiveness. Answer: B 145. Chronic anger ________ the risk of heart disease, and chronic depression ________ the risk of heart disease. A. increases; decreases B. increases; increases C. has no effect on; increases D. increases; has no effect on Answer: B 146. Heart disease and depression may both result when chronic stress triggers A. persistent inflammation. B. the release of NK cells. C. the production of lymphocytes. D. the release of oxytocin. Answer: A 147. A psychophysiological illness is A. any physical illness that produces a psychological disorder. B. a stress-related physical illness such as hypertension. C. a disease of the central nervous system. D. any psychological disorder that has a genetic component. Answer: B 148. Andrea's physician has suggested that a program of relaxation training would provide the best treatment for her high blood pressure. The physician probably considers Andrea's hypertension to be a(n) ________ illness. A. immune deficiency B. carcinogenic C. psychophysiological D. respiratory Answer: C 149. The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called A. evolutionary psychology. B. biofeedback. C. cognitive psychology. D. psychoneuroimmunology. Answer: D 150. An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of A. alternative medicine. B. psychoneuroimmunology. C. cognitive psychology. D. psychosomatic medicine. Answer: B 151. The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the A. sympathetic nervous system. B. immune system. C. limbic system. D. parasympathetic nervous system. Answer: B 152. Lymphocytes are A. harmful agents such as chemicals and viruses that cross the placenta from mother to fetus. B. stress hormones produced by the sympathetic nervous system. C. cancer cells that form in the lymph glands. D. white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system. Answer: D 153. B lymphocytes inhibit ________, whereas T lymphocytes inhibit ________. A. bacterial infections; viral infections B. heart attacks; strokes C. NK cells; cancer cells D. HIV; AIDS Answer: A 154. Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called A. stressors. B. endorphins. C. carcinogens. D. NK cells. Answer: D 155. Compared with men, women have ________ immune systems, and they are ________ susceptible to lupus and multiple sclerosis. A. stronger; less B. weaker; more C. stronger; more D. weaker; less Answer: C 156. Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections? A. Stress hormones accelerate the “hardening” of the arteries. B. Stress hormones facilitate the depositing of cholesterol and fat around the heart. C. Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes. D. Stress hormones trigger the release of carcinogens. Answer: C 157. Wild animals placed in zoos sometimes die shortly thereafter. These deaths are likely to result from a(n) A. decrease in the animals' production of lymphocytes. B. increase in the animals' production of oxytocin. C. decrease in the animals' production of cortisol. D. increase in the animals' production of serotonin. Answer: A 158. The greatest number of deaths in Africa today result from A. strokes. B. cancer. C. AIDS. D. malaria. Answer: C 159. AIDS is caused by a ________ infection spread primarily through ________. A. viral; airborne molecules B. bacterial; airborne molecules C. viral; the exchange of bodily fluids D. bacterial; the exchange of bodily fluids Answer: C 160. Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by A. stimulating the release of endorphins. B. accelerating the production of NK cells. C. inhibiting the production of lymphocytes. D. slowing the shortening of telomeres. Answer: C 161. Rodents who experienced inescapable shocks were more prone to developing cancer if they had previously been exposed to A. natural killer cells. B. T lymphocytes. C. macrophages. D. carcinogens. Answer: D 162. Avoiding stress is LEAST likely to inhibit the progression of ________ in humans. A. bacterial infections B. viral infections C. coronary heart disease D. advanced cancer Answer: D 163. Despite the very stressful events in his life, Mark has been able to maintain good health. This is because of his persistent optimism and the emotional support of his family. An integrated understanding of Mark's well-being is most clearly provided by A. complementary and alternative medicine. B. a biopsychosocial approach. C. the relative deprivation principle. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: B 164. Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as A. psychoneuroimmunology. B. biofeedback. C. problem-focused coping. D. spontaneous remission. Answer: C 165. To alleviate the stress of losing her job, Alicia enrolled in a work retraining program that led to full-time employment. Alicia's behavior best illustrates A. learned helplessness. B. a fight-or-flight reaction. C. problem-focused coping. D. a Type A profile. Answer: C 166. To alleviate the stress he feels after failing a college course, Jeremy seeks social support from his friends and family. Jeremy's behavior best illustrates A. a Type A personality. B. a Type B personality. C. problem-focused coping. D. emotion-focused coping. Answer: D 167. Vanessa alleviated some of the stress associated with the death of her husband by becoming more actively engaged in her work. Her response best illustrates A. a fight-or-flight reaction. B. an external locus of control. C. emotion-focused coping. D. a Type B personality. Answer: C 168. Addressing stressors with problem-focused coping would be most characteristic of those with A. learned helplessness. B. personal control. C. a pessimistic outlook. D. a fight-or-flight reaction. Answer: B 169. Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the A. shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food. B. shocks were quickly terminated by the experimenter. C. rats could control the termination of the shocks. D. shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life. Answer: C 170. Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack A. biofeedback. B. alternative medicine. C. perceived control. D. Type A personalities. Answer: C 171. British civil service workers in executive positions live longer than those in clerical positions. This best illustrates the value of A. spontaneous remission. B. perceived control. C. the general adaptation syndrome. D. emotion-focused coping. Answer: B 172. A loss of perceived control tends to result in A. low blood pressure. B. reduced immune responses. C. problem-focused coping. D. low blood sugar levels. Answer: B 173. Alex experiences little stress because he expects things to work out the way he wants them to. This best illustrates the value of A. a Type A personality. B. spontaneous remission. C. optimism. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: C 174. During the first few weeks of law school, students were observed to have stronger immune systems if they A. lacked NK cells. B. were optimistic. C. had high blood sugar levels. D. utilized complementary and alternative medicine. Answer: B 175. People who laugh a lot have exhibited a lower incidence of A. cancer. B. emotion-focused coping. C. heart disease. D. problem-focused coping. Answer: C 176. Compared with the unmarried, married people are more likely to A. live longer. B. use biofeedback. C. experience elevated blood sugar. D. display a general adaptation syndrome. Answer: A 177. After stockbrokers who lived alone had adopted a pet cat or dog, they were able to face stress with less ________ than their counterparts without pets. A. blood pressure increase B. emotion-focused coping C. production of lymphocytes D. problem-focused coping Answer: A 178. Which of the following is most likely to foster stronger immune functioning? A. carcinogens B. social support C. a Type A personality D. reduced lymphocyte levels Answer: B 179. Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family has been found to promote A. a reduction of natural killer cells. B. the adaptation-level phenomenon. C. stronger immune functioning. D. sympathetic nervous system arousal. Answer: C 180. Social support helps to promote cardiovascular health by A. lowering blood pressure. B. inhibiting macrophage activity. C. reducing the production of T lymphocytes. D. redistributing bloodflow from internal organs to skeletal muscles. Answer: A 181. Undergraduate women who had been sexually abused as children were especially likely to report health problems if they had A. grown up in a religious family. B. kept the abuse a secret. C. been victimized before age 5. D. been victimized by a stranger rather than by a close relative. Answer: B 182. Activities such as jogging or swimming are forms of A. stress appraisal. B. relaxation. C. aerobic exercise. D. biofeedback. Answer: C 183. Aerobic exercise has been most closely linked to a decrease in A. lymphocyte production. B. depression. C. problem-focused coping. D. the production of endorphins. Answer: B 184. Mildly depressed female college students assigned to a program of ________ reported a greater decrease in depression than those assigned to a program of ________. A. problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping B. biofeedback; meditation C. aerobic exercise; relaxation exercises D. acupuncture; cognitive therapy Answer: C 185. Aerobic exercise is associated with A. increased levels of serotonin and decreased levels of the endorphins. B. decreased levels of serotonin and increased levels of the endorphins. C. increased levels of serotonin and increased levels of the endorphins. D. decreased levels of serotonin and decreased levels of the endorphins. Answer: C 186. The genes in muscle cells that are not activated by exercise produce lower quantities of proteins, which leaves us susceptible to A. type-2 diabetes. B. cardiovascular disease. C. cancer. D. all of these diseases. Answer: D 187. The results of early research on biofeedback were surprising because they indicated that people could learn to control bodily functions regulated by the A. somatic nervous system. B. autonomic nervous system. C. cerebellum. D. frontal lobes. Answer: B 188. Which of the following is an example of biofeedback? A. Milos learns to relax by being provided with information on changes in his heart rate. B. Jane decides to work fewer hours after seeing a film linking stress with cancer. C. Chico learns to lower his blood pressure by meditating twice a day. D. Kecia successfully quits smoking after her psychologist has her smoke so rapidly she cannot tolerate another cigarette. Answer: A 189. A psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their A. cholesterol level. B. blood type. C. muscle tension. D. genetic makeup. Answer: C 190. The most important benefit of biofeedback is its capacity to A. encourage regular aerobic exercise. B. reduce the production of lymphocytes. C. elevate blood sugar levels. D. facilitate the relaxation response. Answer: D 191. Aviad, a 50-year-old banking executive and Type A personality, recently suffered a serious heart attack. To prevent a recurrence, Aviad would probably benefit most from A. acupuncture therapies. B. early retirement. C. relaxation training. D. pain control medication. Answer: C 192. The relaxation response associated with meditation is most likely to A. decrease oxygen consumption and decrease blood pressure. B. increase oxygen consumption and increase blood pressure. C. increase oxygen consumption and decrease blood pressure. D. decrease oxygen consumption and increase blood pressure. Answer: A 193. During meditative relaxation, a part of the ________ lobe that tracks where we are in space is ________ active than usual. A. frontal; less B. parietal; less C. frontal; more D. parietal; more Answer: B 194. Volunteers who participated in an eight-week course of meditation training exhibited increased levels of the ______ activity associated with positive emotions. A. left hemisphere B. right hemisphere C. somatic nervous system D. autonomic nervous system Answer: A 195. Homeopathy and herbal remedies are forms of A. CAM. B. emotion-focused coping. C. biofeedback. D. spontaneous remission. Answer: A 196. Which form of treatment has claimed to correct imbalances of energy flow at identifiable points close to the skin? A. biofeedback B. aromatherapy C. acupuncture D. herbal medicine Answer: C 197. The natural disappearance of a disease is called A. spontaneous remission. B. the spillover effect. C. psychoneuroimmunology. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: A 198. One study of migraine headache patients found that the majority of those who received “sham acupuncture” enjoyed relief. The patients' pain relief is most likely attributable to A. a decrease in lymphocyte production. B. an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. C. problem-focused coping. D. the placebo effect. Answer: D 199. Whether a health care treatment is mainstream medicine or an alternative medicine depends on whether the treatment has been A. frequently used and is currently popular. B. administered by a licensed MD. C. scientifically validated as effective. D. used for diseases that are curable. Answer: C 200. The correlation between religious involvement and life expectancy best illustrates the health value of A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. biofeedback. C. the Type A personality. D. the faith factor. Answer: D 201. Israelis living in nonreligious collective settlements were observed to have ________ than those living in religiously orthodox collective settlements. A. higher rates of death B. better emotion-focused coping skills C. higher lymphocyte levels D. better problem-focused coping skills Answer: A 202. The correlation between religiosity and longevity has been observed to be A. nonexistent when only men are considered. B. nonexistent when only women are considered. C. stronger when only men are considered than when only women are considered. D. stronger when only women are considered than when only men are considered. Answer: D 203. A U.S. National Health Interview Survey found that after controlling for age, sex, race, and region, the longest life expectancies were associated with those who attended religious services A. less than once a year. B. less than once a week. C. once a week. D. more than once a week. Answer: D 204. One possible explanation for the longer life expectancy of religiously active people is that A. they respond to stress with higher blood pressure. B. they have Type A personalities. C. their sympathetic nervous system responds to stress with greater arousal. D. they receive more social support. Answer: D 205. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic components of emotion identified in the text? A. physiological arousal B. pupil contraction C. conscious experience D. expressive behavior Answer: B 206. Which of the following suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of our own physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event? A. the Cannon-Bard theory B. the catharsis hypothesis C. the James-Lange theory D. the adaptation-level phenomenon Answer: C 207. Ten-year-old Vito tells his friend, “When you notice that your knees knock, your hands sweat, and your stomach is in knots, then you really get scared.” This statement best illustrates the A. Cannon-Bard theory. B. James-Lange theory. C. catharsis hypothesis. D. relative deprivation principle. Answer: B 208. The suggestion that we share a friend's feelings of joy if we smile with him or her best illustrates the logic of A. the Cannon-Bard theory. B. the adaptation-level phenomenon. C. the James-Lange theory. D. the catharsis hypothesis. Answer: C 209. Which theory would be most threatened by evidence that highly similar patterns of physiological activity are associated with uniquely different emotional states? A. the two-factor theory B. the Cannon-Bard theory C. the catharsis theory D. the James-Lange theory Answer: D 210. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the experience of an emotion A. depends on the intensity of physiological arousal. B. can occur only after physiological arousal. C. occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal. D. precedes physiological arousal. Answer: C 211. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, bodily arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion in the same way as the ________ is related to the ________. A. parasympathetic nervous system; thalamus B. sympathetic nervous system; cortex C. thalamus; hypothalamus D. parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system Answer: B 212. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion A. you experience fear because your heart begins pounding. B. your heart begins pounding because you experience fear. C. you experience fear at the same time your heart begins pounding. D. none of these statements are true. Answer: C 213. Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal? A. adaptation-level B. relative deprivation C. Cannon-Bard D. two-factor Answer: D 214. Both the James-Lange and the two-factor theories of emotion maintain that A. the experience of emotion grows from an awareness of our body's arousal. B. distinct physiological differences exist among the emotions. C. some emotions can be experienced apart from cognition. D. all of these statements are true. Answer: A 215. When students perceive the arousal that accompanies test-taking as energizing rather than debilitating, they experience much less anxiety. This is best understood in terms of the A. relative deprivation principle. B. James-Lange theory. C. adaptation-level phenomenon. D. two-factor theory. Answer: D 216. Vaseem experienced excessive fear while flying because he interpreted his rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, and heavy perspiration as a reaction to the imminent danger of a plane crash. When his psychotherapist convinced him that this physical arousal was simply a harmless reaction to acceleration, cabin pressure, and confined space, his fear of flying was greatly reduced. The reduction in Vaseem's fear is best understood in terms of the A. James-Lange theory. B. two-factor theory. C. adaptation-level phenomenon. D. relative deprivation principle. Answer: B 217. An inexperienced pilot prepares for an emergency landing after her singleengine plane loses power. Her emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by A. decreased respiration. B. pupil constriction. C. increased blood sugar levels. D. increased salivation. Answer: C 218. During a state of emotional arousal, the adrenal glands release ________ into the bloodstream. A. insulin B. acetylcholine C. norepinephrine D. glucose Answer: C 219. Which division of the nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in emotionally stressful situations? A. sympathetic B. central C. somatic D. parasympathetic Answer: A 220. Walking home from work late one night, Jaydra suddenly hears footsteps behind her. Her heart pounds, her muscles tense, and her mouth goes dry. These bodily responses are activated by her ________ nervous system. A. central B. sympathetic C. parasympathetic D. somatic Answer: B 221. Turning in at her street, Dominique saw six fire trucks in front of her apartment building. Her heart beat wildly until someone yelled, “Just a false alarm.” Her pulse then began to return to normal, due to the action of her ________ nervous system. A. central B. somatic C. sympathetic D. parasympathetic Answer: D 222. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system A. accelerates heart rate and slows digestion. B. slows heart rate and accelerates digestion. C. slows heart rate and slows digestion. D. accelerates heart rate and accelerates digestion. Answer: B 223. The sympathetic nervous system is to the parasympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________. A. inhibition of digestion; acceleration of digestion B. decreasing heart rate; increasing heart rate C. decreasing blood sugar; increasing blood sugar D. contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils Answer: A 224. Lillian will be taking an entrance exam for law school this afternoon. She is likely to ________ on the exam if her physiological arousal is ________. A. do well; moderate B. do poorly; moderate C. do well; very low D. do well; very high Answer: A 225. The level of arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be A. lower on easy tasks. B. higher on difficult tasks. C. higher on well-learned tasks. D. lower on well-learned tasks. Answer: C 226. Very high levels of physiological arousal would be most likely to interfere with effectively A. solving a crossword puzzle. B. repeating the alphabet. C. riding a bicycle. D. washing dishes. Answer: A 227. The emotions of anger and fear involve similar A. subjective thoughts and experiences. B. patterns of autonomic arousal. C. facial expressions. D. patterns of brain activity. Answer: B 228. Research on the physiological states accompanying specific emotions indicates that A. each emotion has a unique pattern of sympathetic nervous system activity. B. emotions such as happiness and surprise are accompanied by different blood pressure levels. C. different emotions involve activation of different brain circuits. D. every emotion has precisely the same pattern of limbic system activity. Answer: C 229. Observers watching fearful faces show more brain activity in the ________ than do those watching angry faces. A. cerebellum B. thalamus C. amygdala D. hippocampus Answer: C 230. As people experience positive emotions, an increase in brain activity is most evident in the A. right frontal lobe. B. left frontal lobe. C. right temporal lobe. D. left temporal lobe. Answer: B 231. Emotional disgust is to emotional delight as ________ is to ________. A. blood sugar decrease; blood sugar increase B. right prefrontal cortex activation; left prefrontal cortex activation C. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system D. the relative deprivation principle; the adaptationlevel principle Answer: B 232. A small cluster of neurons, the nucleus accumbens, is highly active when people experience A. pleasure. B. anger. C. fear. D. depression. Answer: A 233. Which theory would be most threatened by evidence that highly similar patterns of physiological activity are associated with uniquely different emotional states? A. the two-factor theory B. the Cannon-Bard theory C. the catharsis theory D. the James-Lange theory Answer: D 234. Evidence that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity with which people experience certain emotions most directly refutes the A. James-Lange theory. B. catharsis hypothesis. C. two-factor theory. D. Cannon-Bard theory. Answer: D 235. Hohmann discovered that the ________ an individual's spinal cord injury, the more feelings of anger tended to ________ in intensity following the injury. A. higher; decrease B. higher; increase C. lower; decrease D. lower; increase Answer: A 236. Mr. Hanson is strongly suspected of embezzling money from his employer. He has denied the allegation. To determine whether he is lying, investigators are most likely to ask Mr. Hanson to take a(n) ________ test. A. electrocardiograph B. polygraph C. myograph D. tomograph Answer: B 237. The polygraph measures the changes in ________ that accompany emotion. A. blood sugar level B. hormone secretions C. pupil dilation D. heart rate Answer: D 238. One problem with the use of the polygraph for lie detection is that A. polygraph assessments are more expensive than brain scans. B. anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity. C. emotions involve expressive behaviors as well as autonomic nervous system arousal. D. innocent people are presumed to be guilty at the very beginning of any lie detector test. Answer: B 239. Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests indicates that they A. are rarely wrong. B. err about 10 percent of the time. C. err about one-third of the time. D. are no more accurate than a 50-50 coin toss. Answer: C 240. Although newspapers reported that a murder victim had been stabbed with a knife, two police investigators knew that the actual murder weapon was a letter opener. While carefully monitoring the changes in heart rate and perspiration level of a prime suspect, the investigators asked him if he typically used a letter opener on his mail. The investigators were making use of the A. adaptation-level phenomenon. B. relative deprivation principle. C. guilty knowledge test. D. catharsis hypothesis. Answer: C 241. When guilty knowledge tests are used with enough specific probes A. innocent suspects are typically judged guilty by polygraph examiners. B. guilty suspects are always judged guilty by polygraph examiners. C. guilty suspects are seldom judged guilty by polygraph examiners. D. innocent suspects are seldom judged guilty by polygraph examiners. Answer: D 242. Which theory can best explain the results of the experiment in which college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person? A. the Cannon-Bard theory B. the two-factor theory C. the James-Lange theory D. the adaptation-level theory Answer: B 243. College men given injections of epinephrine felt happiest if they were told the injection would produce ________ and if they were in the company of a person who is acting ________. A. arousal; euphoric B. arousal; irritated C. no effects; euphoric D. no effects; irritated Answer: C 244. In anger-provoking situations, sexually aroused people experience more intense hostility than those who are not sexually aroused. This best illustrates the A. Cannon-Bard theory. B. spillover effect. C. catharsis hypothesis. D. adaptation-level phenomenon. Answer: B 245. Astrid was emotionally aroused by a TV horror movie. She became extremely angry when her younger brother momentarily blocked her view of the screen. When her movie viewing was interrupted by a phone call from her boyfriend, however, she experienced unusually intense romantic feelings. Astrid's different emotional reactions to her brother and her boyfriend are best explained by the A. catharsis hypothesis. B. James-Lange theory. C. adaptation-level principle. D. two-factor theory. Answer: D 246. The low-road pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala most directly contributes to emotional ________ responses. A. conscious B. automatic C. self-controlled D. slowly developed Answer: B 247. Paul Whalen and his colleagues demonstrated that subliminal exposure to fearful eyes triggered increased activity in the A. hypothalamus. B. amygdala. C. cerebellum. D. hippocampus. Answer: B 248. Evidence that visual input is routed from the thalamus directly to the amygdala has been used to support the claim that A. the amygdala sends more neural projections up to the cortex than it receives back. B. emotion tends to distort our perceptions of the world. C. a visual stimulus always triggers a stronger emotional response than does an auditory stimulus. D. some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking. Answer: D 249. Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade depends on whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own low intelligence. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by A. physical arousal. B. relative deprivation. C. cognitive appraisals. D. genetic predispositions. Answer: C 250. Which of the following emotional reactions is most likely to precede any conscious thinking? A. hatred B. love C. fear D. depression Answer: C 251. Couples who are passionately in love most frequently communicate intimacy by means of A. averted glances. B. contraction of the pupils. C. winking. D. prolonged eye gazing. Answer: D 252. When viewing subliminally flashed words, we are especially likely to sense the presence of words such as A. mind. B. body. C. life. D. death. Answer: D 253. The most unambiguous nonverbal clue to our specific emotional state is provided by our A. respiration rate. B. hand gestures. C. body posture. D. facial muscles. Answer: D 254. The eyebrows raised and pulled together most clearly signal A. fear. B. anger. C. disgust. D. happiness. Answer: A 255. Comparing introverts and extraverts, we can say that the nonverbal expressions of emotion conveyed by ________ are easier to read, and ________ are better at reading other people's nonverbal expressions of emotion. A. introverts; introverts B. extraverts; extraverts C. introverts; extraverts D. extraverts; introverts Answer: D 256. Compared with men, women would probably be better at A. detecting the emotions of two people having a discussion over lunch. B. controlling their physiological responses on a guilty knowledge test. C. interpreting the polygraph test of a suspected criminal. D. avoiding the facial feedback effect. Answer: A 257. Women show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing frightening films, and they show ________ facial expression of emotion than men while viewing happy films. A. more; less B. more; more C. less; more D. less; less Answer: B 258. The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are A. learned in early childhood. B. different in Eastern and Western cultures. C. the same throughout the world. D. more similar in adults than they are in children or adolescents. Answer: C 259. As a member of the diplomatic corps, Alex was given special training in the customs, language, and religions of the nonindustrialized country where he would be living. However, Alex probably needed little training to correctly interpret his hosts' expressions of emotion as revealed by their A. body postures. B. facial expressions. C. hand gestures. D. tones of voice. Answer: B 260. Who suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten predators? A. Stanley Schachter B. William James C. Walter Cannon D. Charles Darwin Answer: D 261. North Americans are more likely than Japanese citizens to display their feelings openly. This cultural difference best reflects the American culture's greater emphasis on A. role-playing. B. individuality. C. the spillover effect. D. relative deprivation. Answer: B 262. When asked a question that requires some thinking, people in Canada typically look ________, and people in Japan typically look ________. A. right; left B. left; right C. up; down D. down; up Answer: C 263. Researchers who explore emotion from a social-cultural level of analysis are especially likely to emphasize cultural differences in A. autonomic nervous system arousal. B. the adaptation-level phenomenon. C. emotional expressiveness. D. the spillover effect. Answer: C 264. The suggestion that “a happy face creates a merry soul” is most consistent with the A. Cannon-Bard theory. B. catharsis hypothesis. C. adaptation-level phenomenon. D. James-Lange theory. Answer: D 265. If you grimace in fear while taking a difficult exam, this facial expression is likely to cause A. you to experience increasingly intense feelings of fear. B. you to have less difficulty recalling the correct answers to the exam questions. C. your blood sugar levels to decrease. D. all of these things to happen. Answer: A 266. Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding it with their lips. This best illustrates the A. catharsis hypothesis. B. relative deprivation principle. C. facial feedback effect. D. adaptation-level phenomenon. Answer: C 267. Patients reportedly feel less depressed following between-the-eyebrows Botox injections that immobilize their frown muscles. This best illustrates the A. feel-good, do-good phenomenon. B. adaptation-level phenomenon. C. spillover effect. D. facial feedback effect. Answer: D 268. When Laura acts happy, she experiences increased feelings of cheerfulness. This best illustrates A. the adaptation-level phenomenon. B. the diminishing returns phenomenon. C. feel-good, do-good phenomenon. D. the behavior feedback phenomenon. Answer: D 269. Carroll Izard has suggested that love is a mixture of interest-excitement and A. pride. B. surprise. C. fear. D. joy. Answer: D 270. The emotion of sadness is characterized by negative valence and ________ arousal. A. high B. positive C. low D. negative Answer: C 271. People are fearful of so many different objects and events because A. the nervous system is naturally aroused by novel and unfamiliar stimuli. B. they learn to fear things associated with naturally painful or traumatic experiences. C. they are biologically predisposed to be most fearful of things that most threaten their physical survival. D. they are biologically predisposed to fear almost anything. Answer: B 272. In experiments with adult monkeys who were fearful of snakes and their offspring who were not, Susan Mineka discovered that the younger monkeys developed a fear of snakes through the process of A. observational learning. B. classical conditioning. C. relative deprivation. D. catharsis. Answer: A 273. People are most biologically predisposed to learn to fear A. guns. B. spiders. C. electricity. D. other people. Answer: B 274. Which brain structure has been found to be especially important in learning to fear specific objects? A. hypothalamus B. amygdala C. corpus callosum D. hippocampus Answer: B 275. After learning to associate a neutral object (a blue slide) with a blaring horn, people who have suffered damage to the amygdala ________ show a fear reaction to the blue slide, and they ________ be able to remember the previous pairing of the blue slide with the blaring horn. A. will; will B. will not; will not C. will; will not D. will not; will Answer: D 276. Individual differences in temperament suggest that the experience of fear is influenced by A. relative deprivation. B. adaptation level. C. genetic predispositions. D. catharsis. Answer: C 277. If intense fears of specific objects disrupt people's ability to cope, they are said to experience A. catharsis. B. relative deprivation. C. the spillover effect. D. phobias. Answer: D 278. People report that they are especially likely to experience anger when they are harmed by an event that is perceived as A. unusual. B. unintended. C. unjustified. D. unavoidable. Answer: C 279. The catharsis hypothesis refers to the idea that A. every emotion is preceded by cognition. B. humans tend to adapt to a given level of stimulation. C. anger is reduced by aggressive action or fantasy. D. successful performance is influenced by level of physiological arousal. Answer: C 280. In which country would parents be LEAST likely to advocate catharsis as a way of helping their children reduce their anger? A. the United States B. Japan C. Australia D. France Answer: B 281. A television producer believes that violent TV programs provide viewers an opportunity to reduce their own anger through fantasy. The producer appears to accept the A. James-Lange theory. B. facial feedback effect. C. relative deprivation principle. D. catharsis hypothesis. Answer: D 282. Verbal and nonverbal expressions of anger can A. calm emotions and reduce anger. B. become habitual if they successfully reduce anger. C. increase immediate feelings of anger. D. do any of these things. Answer: D 283. After 9/11, Americans who responded with anger more than fear also displayed A. more intolerance for immigrants. B. less heart disease. C. more subjective well-being. D. less physiological arousal. Answer: A 284. Experts suggest that an intensely angry person should A. avoid the offending person so as to alleviate the problem. B. release the anger through some aggressive action or fantasy. C. take time to let the anger and emotional arousal subside. D. mentally rehearse the exact reasons for the anger. Answer: C 285. Milan is upset with his wife because she was over an hour late in picking him up at the airport. He is likely to deal most effectively with his feelings of irritation toward her by telling her A. “I'm really angry that I had to wait so long for you to get here.” B. “From now on, I'll ask someone at the office to pick me up.” C. “I'm dying of hunger! It's 7:45 and I haven't had dinner yet.” D. “I was starting to worry that you had a car accident on your way over here.” Answer: A 286. Mrs. Chen asks her teenage son, Keith, to rake the leaves in the yard. Keith is most likely to want to help his mother after A. washing the family's dishes. B. bringing home a less-than-satisfactory report card from school. C. hearing that a friend was involved in a minor automobile accident. D. receiving news that he has just won $1000 in a state lottery. Answer: D 287. After receiving an unexpected A on his psychology test, Jordan was easily persuaded to baby-sit his little sister while his parents went out for dinner. This best illustrates the A. adaptation-level phenomenon. B. feel-good, do-good phenomenon. C. relative deprivation principle. D. facial feedback effect. Answer: B 288. A sense of satisfaction with life is known as A. the spillover effect. B. the adaption-level phenomenon. C. subjective well-being. D. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. Answer: C 289. People's positive emotions typically ________ between the early and middle hours of the day and typically ________ between the middle and late hours of the day. A. remain stable; rise B. rise; remain stable C. rise; fall D. remain stable; fall Answer: C 290. Over the long run, our satisfaction with life is typically ________ by a tragic event and ________ by a dramatically positive event. A. decreased; largely unchanged B. decreased; increased C. largely unchanged; increased D. largely unchanged; largely unchanged Answer: D 291. A 21-year-old student undergoing treatment for Hodgkins disease was elated when he learned that he was cancer free. Although his subsequent day-to-day emotions fluctuated in response to daily events, during the ensuing month, on average, his emotions A. became even more positive than they were on the day he received the good news. B. remained just as positive as they were on the day he received the good news. C. returned to nearly the same level as they were during the month before the good news. D. became more negative than they were during the month before the good news. Answer: C 292. Since 1970, American college freshmen have expressed a(n) ________ desire to be wealthy and a(n) ________ desire to develop a meaningful life philosophy. A. increasing; decreasing B. increasing; increasing C. decreasing; decreasing D. decreasing; increasing Answer: A 293. A wage increase of $1000 is more likely to improve the subjective well-being of low-income workers than of middle-income executives. This illustrates the importance of A. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. B. the general adaptation syndrome. C. the diminishing returns phenomenon. D. the spillover effect. Answer: C 294. Research on the well-being of Americans indicates that the A. vast majority of Americans currently declare themselves to be very happy. B. personal happiness of Americans has been increasing over the last 40 years. C. buying power of Americans has been decreasing over the last 40 years. D. increase in the buying power of Americans over the past 40 years has provided no apparent boost to Americans' personal happiness. Answer: D 295. Our tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced is called A. the behavior feedback phenomenon. B. the adaptation-level phenomenon. C. the diminishing returns phenomenon. D. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. Answer: B 296. The adaptation-level phenomenon refers to the tendency for our judgments of objects and events to be heavily influenced by our A. genetics. B. previous experiences. C. current level of physiological arousal. D. understanding of how others judge those same objects and events. Answer: B 297. When Mrs. Van Dyke first acquired a new luxury car, she was ecstatic. After several months, however, she took the car for granted and it gave her little sense of emotional excitement. This change in her feelings can best be explained in terms of A. the adaptation-level phenomenon. B. relative deprivation. C. the catharsis hypothesis. D. the spillover effect. Answer: A 298. Juan and Berta were millionaires who lost half of their life savings due to a bad investment decision. Which of the following best explains why after three years Juan and Berta seem to have suffered no permanent loss of happiness? A. relative deprivation B. the two-factor theory C. the James-Lange theory D. the adaptation-level phenomenon Answer: D 299. A disturbing implication of the adaptation-level phenomenon is that A. people who lose some of their wealth will never experience normal levels of happiness. B. seeking happiness through financial security requires ever-increasing wealth. C. middle-income people are destined to be perpetually unhappy. D. comparing ourselves with those who are less fortunate increases our insecurity. Answer: B 300. The concept of relative deprivation refers to the perception that A. yesterday's luxuries are today's necessities. B. things are never quite as bad as they could be. C. one is worse off than those with whom one compares oneself. D. happiness can't last forever. Answer: C 301. You were happy with your grade of B on the psychology test until you learned that almost everyone else in the class received an A. This illustrates that happiness is influenced by A. the adaptation-level phenomenon. B. relative deprivation. C. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. D. catharsis. Answer: B 302. When the mayor ordered a salary increase for the city's police officers, there was a sudden loss of morale among the city's firefighters. The firefighters' sudden dissatisfaction best illustrates A. the adaptation-level phenomenon. B. the spillover effect. C. the two-factor theory. D. relative deprivation. Answer: D 303. After imagining and then writing about various tragedies, such as people being burned and disfigured, university women expressed increased A. fear. B. anger. C. depression. D. subjective well-being. Answer: D 304. Research suggests that people experience the most happiness when they are A. eating. B. daydreaming. C. highly self-aware. D. absorbed in challenging activities. Answer: D 305. Researchers have found that certain factors are related to happiness. One of these is that happy people tend to A. be well educated. B. have many children. C. have a satisfying marriage or close friendship. D. be physically attractive. Answer: C 306. Differences among people's self-reported happiness levels are MOST strongly related to A. genetic differences. B. gender differences. C. age differences. D. physical attractiveness differences. Answer: A 307. The interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease is A. medical psychology. B. psychopharmacology. C. psychobiology. D. behavioral medicine. Answer: D 308. As a psychologist employed by a medical school, Dr. McNerney specializes in research on the causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress. Dr. McNerney is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A. educational B. behavioral C. forensic D. health Answer: D 309. Health psychologists are LEAST likely to focus attention on A. what behaviors help to prevent illness. B. how emotions influence our risk of disease. C. the role of bacteria in producing illness. D. how our perceptions influence feelings of stress. Answer: C 310. The process by which we perceive and respond to events that threaten or challenge us is called A. stress. B. psychoneuroimmunology. C. spontaneous remission. D. biofeedback. Answer: A 311. A stressor is a(n) A. lower back muscle that frequently produces a feeling of physical tension. B. environmental event that threatens or challenges us. C. exercise program designed to increase our ability to handle normal stress. D. hormone released by the adrenal glands during periods of stress. Answer: B 312. Physical and emotional responses to threatening and challenging events are referred to as A. personal control. B. stress reactions. C. emotion-focused coping. D. stressors. Answer: B 313. Estée's legs are paralyzed, but she is able to minimize the stress that the inability to walk might have caused by viewing this handicap as a challenge rather than a threat. This illustrates the importance of A. biofeedback. B. stress appraisal. C. the general adaptation syndrome. D. the Type A personality. Answer: B 314. In response to various stressors, ________ increases your heart rate and respiration. A. biofeedback B. emotion-focused coping C. an internal locus of control D. the sympathetic nervous system Answer: D 315. After being told that his parents have just been involved in a serious automobile accident, Bill is likely to experience an outpouring of A. serotonin. B. dopamine. C. epinephrine. D. lymphocytes. Answer: C 316. Walter Cannon perceived the stress response to be highly adaptive because it prepared the organism for A. spontaneous remission. B. the production of lymphocytes. C. emotion-focused coping. D. fight or flight. Answer: D 317. On orders from the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland) the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete stress hormones such as A. cortisol. B. lymphocytes. C. serotonin. D. telomeres. Answer: A 318. After Georgiana learns that a tornado has destroyed her house, her brain probably directed the outer part of her adrenal glands to react by A. releasing testosterone. B. producing androgens. C. increasing the production of lymphocytes. D. secreting cortisol. Answer: D 319. One option for dealing with stress, which is more common among women than men, is A. withdrawal. B. the fight-or-flight reaction. C. the tend-and-befriend response. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: C 320. The fight-or-flight response is to ________ as the general adaptation syndrome is to ________. A. Cannon; Friedman B. Friedman; Selye C. Selye; Cannon D. Cannon; Selye Answer: D 321. Hans Selye referred to the body's response to stress as A. the fight-or-flight response. B. the general adaptation syndrome. C. the tend-and-befriend response. D. emotion-focused coping. Answer: B 322. The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is A. stress appraisal. B. resistance. C. alarm. D. adjustment. Answer: C 323. During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome are organisms best able to physically cope with stress? A. resistance B. appraisal C. adjustment D. resolution Answer: A 324. After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen, Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses. At this point, Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A. resistance B. exhaustion C. adjustment D. stress appraisal Answer: A 325. Catastrophic floods, hurricanes, and fires are associated with ________ rates of anxiety disorders and ________ rates of depression. A. decreasing; increasing B. increasing; decreasing C. decreasing; decreasing D. increasing; increasing Answer: D 326. When 15,000 Canadians were asked whether they were trying to take on too many tasks at once, responses indicated highest stress levels among A. children. B. young adults. C. middle-aged adults. D. retired senior citizens. Answer: B 327. Hypertension rates are high among A. frequent church attendees. B. students living in dormitories. C. children in day-care centers. D. residents in impoverished areas. Answer: D 328. Data from 16 European countries indicate that where life satisfaction is high, the incidence of ________ is low. A. B lymphocytes B. high blood pressure C. problem-focused coping D. aerobic exercise Answer: B 329. The closing of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle is known as A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. coronary heart disease. C. coronary aneurysm. D. spontaneous remission. Answer: B 330. The greatest number of deaths in North America today result from A. AIDS. B. strokes. C. cancer. D. heart disease. Answer: D 331. Who is the best example of a Type A personality? A. Mara, an irritable, impatient teacher B. Rashida, a highly intelligent, introverted librarian C. Wilma, a friendly, altruistic social worker D. Charisse, a fun-loving, self-indulgent university student Answer: A 332. Friedman and Rosenman referred to relaxed and easygoing individuals as ________ personalities. A. emotion-focused B. problem-focused C. Type A D. Type B Answer: D 333. Type A is to ________ as Type B is to ________. A. realistic; idealistic B. introverted; extraverted C. hard-driving; easygoing D. optimistic; pessimistic Answer: C 334. Who is the best example of a Type B personality? A. Tammy, an ambitious, self-confident waitress B. Mauriucca, a relaxed, understanding social worker C. Tena, a time-conscious, competitive lawyer D. Juanita, an impatient, pessimistic librarian Answer: B 335. In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman found that Type A men are especially susceptible to A. stomach ulcers. B. cancer. C. heart attacks. D. lupus. Answer: C 336. The characteristic that most clearly contributes to the disease vulnerability of Type A personalities is their feelings of A. urgency. B. competitiveness. C. ambition. D. anger. Answer: D 337. Who would be MOST susceptible to heart disease? A. Marvin, an impatient lawyer who often becomes irritated with family and friends over insignificant matters B. Oswald, a purchasing agent who is very competitive and always wants to be a winner C. Michael, a time-conscious banking executive who is always five minutes early for appointments because of his sense of urgency D. Jozsef, a highly ambitious salesperson who is determined to become the manager of his company Answer: A 338. Studying initially healthy men over a 10-year period, researchers found that pessimistic adult men were more than twice as likely as optimistic men to experience A. a proliferation of lymphocytes. B. coronary heart disease. C. low blood sugar levels. D. spontaneous remission. Answer: B 339. The risk of death from cardiovascular disease is substantially increased among those with A. symptoms of depression. B. Type B personalities. C. NK cells. D. B lymphocytes. Answer: A 340. Although inflammation helps fight infections, persistent inflammation heightens the risk of A. asthma. B. clogged arteries. C. depression. D. all of these problems. Answer: D 341. Physical illnesses, such as hypertension and some headaches, that are not caused by an organic disorder but instead seem linked to stress are referred to as ________ illnesses. A. psychophysiological B. psychopharmacological C. carcinogenic D. malignant Answer: A 342. Matt has been experiencing headaches. Because his physician strongly recommends that he enroll in an angermanagement class, the physician has probably diagnosed Matt's headaches as a(n) ________ illness. A. allergenic B. psychophysiological C. immune deficiency D. carcinogenic Answer: B 343. The field of PNI is most broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural, and endocrine systems together affect the A. reproductive system. B. cardiovascular system. C. immune system. D. respiratory system. Answer: C 344. The white blood cells that fight bacterial infections and attack cancer cells and viruses are called A. lymphocytes. B. telomeres. C. carcinogens. D. glucocorticoids. Answer: A 345. Viral infections are to ________ as bacterial infections are to ________. A. B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes B. Type B personalities; Type A personalities C. T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes D. Type A personalities; Type B personalities Answer: C 346. Worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria are ingested by an immune system agent known as the A. B lymphocyte. B. macrophage. C. amygdala. D. glucocorticoids. Answer: B 347. Natural killer cells are part of the body's A. immune system. B. endocrine system. C. digestive system. D. sympathetic nervous system. Answer: A 348. By attacking the body's own tissues, an overly reactive immune system is most likely to cause A. arthritis. B. colon cancer. C. pneumonia. D. hypertension. Answer: A 349. The secretion of stress hormones A. decreases high blood pressure. B. diverts bloodflow from muscle tissue to the body's internal organs. C. prevents arteries from clogging. D. draws energy away from immune activity. Answer: D 350. After breaking up with his girlfriend, Eric came down with a severe respiratory infection. His illness may have been caused to a large extent by a(n) ________ in his body's production of ________. A. decrease; glucocorticoids B. increase; NK cells C. decrease; lymphocytes D. increase; telomeres Answer: C 351. AIDS is a disorder of the A. circulatory system. B. immune system. C. reproductive system. D. endocrine system. Answer: B 352. A rapid progression from HIV infection to AIDS is ________ by the death of a life partner and ________ by participation in bereavement support groups. A. inhibited; inhibited B. facilitated; facilitated C. inhibited; facilitated D. facilitated; inhibited Answer: D 353. The ABC program has been used with notable success to A. prevent HIV infections. B. slow the transition from HIV infection to AIDS. C. provide pain medication for AIDS patients. D. help HIV patients recover from their immune system disorder. Answer: A 354. When experimenters have implanted tumor cells into rodents, those exposed to ________ were more prone to cancer. A. telomeres B. T lymphocytes C. inescapable shocks D. biofeedback Answer: C 355. Although stress does not create cancer cells, it may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of A. telomeres. B. B lymphocytes. C. the adrenal glands. D. T lymphocytes. Answer: D 356. Using emotional, behavioral, or cognitive methods to alleviate stress is known as A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. the fight-or-flight reaction. C. complementary medicine. D. coping. Answer: D 357. Reducing stress directly by changing the way we interact with a stressor best illustrates A. a Type A personality. B. the general adaptation syndrome. C. an external locus of control. D. problem-focused coping. Answer: D 358. To alleviate the stress of long work hours, Phara has arranged a more convenient work schedule with her employer. Phara's behavior best illustrates A. spontaneous remission. B. a Type B personality. C. problem-focused coping. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: C 359. Trying to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor is most characteristic of A. emotion-focused coping. B. the fight-or-flight reaction. C. problem-focused coping. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: A 360. Hakim has terminal cancer. He reacts to the stress of his condition by feeling grateful for his life and accepting his oncoming death. His response best illustrates A. optimism. B. emotion-focused coping. C. a Type A personality. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: B 361. Research has indicated that rats become more vulnerable to ulcers when exposed to ________ shock. A. predictable B. uncontrollable C. low-intensity D. repeated Answer: B 362. When “executive” and “subordinate” rats received simultaneous electric shocks, the ________ rat was subsequently more likely to develop ________. A. “subordinate”; ulcers B. “executive”; heart disease C. “executive”; hypertension D. “subordinate”; immunity to disease Answer: A 363. Primates at the top of the social pecking order are less likely to contract coldlike viral infections than those with lower social status. This best illustrates the value of A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. emotion-focused coping. C. the fight-or-flight response. D. perceived control. Answer: D 364. After being crowded into a small dormitory room with two other roommates, 18-year-old Ferdinand feels he has little control over his environment. His body is most likely to respond with a(n) A. reduction of blood cholesterol level. B. proliferation of lymphocytes. C. decrease in blood-clotting speed. D. outpouring of epinephrine. Answer: D 365. Captive animals are more vulnerable to disease than are wild animals. This is best explained in terms of A. the tyranny of choice. B. biofeedback. C. emotion-focused coping. D. perceived loss of control. Answer: D 366. Optimists are more likely than pessimists to experience A. high blood sugar levels. B. the general adaptation syndrome. C. perceived control. D. biofeedback. Answer: C 367. Students who reported fewer coughs, aches, and pains near the end of the semester were those who had previously been identified as having a(n) A. optimistic outlook. B. Type A personality. C. emotion-focused coping. D. general adaptation syndrome. Answer: A 368. Amanda is stressed out because she thinks she's too socially inept to make friends with her new classmates. Amanda best illustrates the debilitating effects of A. spontaneous remission. B. a Type A personality. C. problem-focused coping. D. pessimism. Answer: D 369. Some studies suggest that stress is defused and the immune system is strengthened by A. relative deprivation. B. mirthful humor. C. carcinogens. D. HIV. Answer: B 370. AIDS patients have been found to experience reduced levels of depression if they have A. biofeedback. B. a Type A personality. C. a dog or other pet companion. D. high blood sugar levels. Answer: C 371. Research participants who received nasal drops laden with a cold virus were least likely to catch a cold if they had A. positive social ties. B. Type A personalities. C. shortened telomeres. D. CAM. Answer: A 372. People have been found to suffer fewer health problems following the death of their spouse if they A. stay busy and avoid thinking about their loss. B. communicate their painful feelings of loss to close friends. C. spend time thinking about all the experiences they shared with their loved one. D. quickly make plans for developing a new romantic relationship. Answer: B 373. Inga, a university sophomore, is experiencing stress and feels mildly depressed. She would be best advised to A. start a program of regular aerobic exercise. B. receive training in relaxation. C. make use of biofeedback. D. utilize complementary and alternative medicine. Answer: A 374. Aerobic exercise increases the availability of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as A. serotonin. B. B lymphocytes. C. carcinogens. D. T lymphocytes. Answer: A 375. Aerobic exercise is an effective way to A. reduce problem-focused coping. B. reduce lymphocyte production. C. reduce serotonin activity in the brain. D. lower the blood pressure reaction to stress. Answer: D 376. The growth of new brain cells in mice has been found to be promoted by A. acupuncture. B. biofeedback. C. aerobic exercise. D. the placebo effect. Answer: C 377. Neal Miller observed that rats decrease their heartbeat if they receive pleasurable brain stimulation when their heartbeat slows. This best illustrated that A. suppression of the immune system can be carcinogenic. B. biofeedback can facilitate control of autonomic nervous system functioning. C. loss of personal control heightens reactions to stressful situations. D. positive as well as negative stimulation can trigger the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: B 378. Electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses is called A. acupuncture. B. biofeedback. C. relaxation training. D. psychoneuroimmunology. Answer: B 379. Some paralyzed humans have learned to bring their blood pressure under conscious control by means of A. spontaneous remission. B. the placebo effect. C. biofeedback. D. acupuncture. Answer: C 380. Lewis has suffered from acute stress for years. He is presently learning to relax with a device that provides him with information about changes in tension in his forehead muscles. Lewis' case illustrates the use of A. cognitive therapy. B. biofeedback. C. emotion-focused coping. D. the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: B 381. In a study of Type A heart attack survivors, Friedman and his colleagues found that the most effective technique for preventing recurrent heart attacks was A. acupressure therapies. B. pain control medication. C. relaxation training. D. biofeedback. Answer: C 382. A diminished sense of self, space, and time is most likely to be associated with A. spontaneous remission. B. aerobic exercise. C. meditative relaxation. D. emotion-focused coping. Answer: C 383. During meditative relaxation, a part of the ________ lobe involved in focused attention is ________ active than usual. A. frontal; less B. parietal; less C. frontal; more D. parietal; more Answer: C 384. People are most likely to inflate their assessments of the value of alternative medicine for the treatment of A. coronary heart disease. B. lung cancer. C. arthritis. D. Parkinson's disease. Answer: C 385. Alexis suffers from a number of different allergies, which she treats with herbal remedies. The placebo effect is likely to lead her to ________ the value of these remedies, and the spontaneous remission of her allergic reactions is likely to lead her to ________ the value of those remedies. A. underestimate; overestimate B. overestimate; underestimate C. underestimate; underestimate D. overestimate; overestimate Answer: D 386. A U.S. National Health Interview Survey found that those who attend religious services regularly were more likely than nonattenders to experience A. infectious diseases. B. a longer life span. C. psychophysiological illness. D. biofeedback. Answer: B 387. Religiously active people have _______ socially supportive relationships and ________ life-styles than those who are not religiously active. A. fewer; less healthy B. fewer; healthier C. more; less healthy D. more; healthier Answer: D 388. It has been suggested that a coherent worldview may contribute to the stress protection associated with A. an external locus of control. B. the fight-or-flight response. C. the faith factor. D. biofeedback. Answer: C