Part A: • Drive Reductions Theory: Drive Reduction Theory says that humans are born with the drive to satisfy basic physiological needs. When that need is met, the drive is reduced and the human returns back to homeostasis. Eating is a physiological need. Different body types require different amount of food. Therefore, a D1 athlete and a middle-aged man would have different drives on when and what to eat. The athlete only breakfast, lunch, and a light snack. The man, however, might want a huge lunch and breakfast and a large steak for dinner. • External cues: External cues are stimuli from our environment that influence our behaviors. If someone worked next door to a bakery, that person is more likely to be hungry throughout the day than someone who lives across town from the bakery. The next door neighbor would constantly be surrounded by the smell of delicious sweets and that stimulus would increase his drive to eat. • Dopamine: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that makes you feel happy. When you do something pleasurable, dopamine is released. If you eat something that tastes really good, your dopamine levels will rise and you will become happy. This could cause you to overeat that item and potentially gain an unhealthy eating pattern. • Observational Learning: Observational learning is when you learn by watching (observing) and modeling that behavior. If you grow up watching your obese dad eat large amounts of food every night, you may copy those behaviors and develop a bad eating behavior too. Part B: • The dependent variable is the thing in the experiment that is based on the manipulated variable. The scores that both parties gave would be the dependent variable because they were not manipulated, and they were based on which article was read. • The main concept that makes this experiment an experimental study is that is establishes a cause and effect conclusion. If the participant got the article on disease, then they would not think that a healthy diet is very important. If the participant got the article on eating habits, then they would think higher of a healthy diet. Plus, there is an independent variable that is being manipulated in this study. • The most appropriate conclusion that can be drawn from this experiment is that if the participant is shown the article about obesity being a disease, then they are less likely to be concerned about a healthy diet. However, if a subject is shown an article about how obesity is caused by eating habits, then they are more likely to be concerned about a healthy diet. Part 2: • The authoritarian parenting style is when the parents have high expectations and low responsiveness. This could affect Abram’s success in college because he is on his own now. His parents aren’t there to push him to do his work and the professors will just give you the grade that you deserve. Once Abram experiences the freedom of being on his own, he might stop doing his school work and rebel his parents. • Identity vs. role confusion is part of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. If Abram does not find his identity or “sense of self” then he could become very unhappy and confused on who he is. He could feel like he is constantly looking for his identity and that could distract him from learning when he makes it to college. • Unconditional positive regard is when you accept someone exactly how they are. There are no expectations for that person. If Abram’s parents had always accepted him as he was, this could be damaging for him in college. For example, if he never did his school work, but his parents didn’t care, he is in for a rude awakening. While his parents might have accepted that behavior, his professor might not be too fond of it. Also, by not doing his work, he will not receive good grades in college. Part 2.1: • Divergent thinking is the type of thinking where you come up with more than one solution. If Abram picked up this type of thinking, he could become more successful in college. For example, maybe one night Abram has 3 tests to study for. He has one plan to get all of the studying done before 3AM, but if he was a divergent thinker, he could have multiple options on how he will study and maybe find a more efficient one that gets him done faster. • Emotional intelligence is having a sense of one’s self and being able to connect with others. If Abram acquired this type of intelligence, he might become more successful in college. This is because when you can recognize your own emotions and engage with other people, you are more likely to be successful. If Abram is feeling depressed, and he recognizes it, maybe he should take a break from studying and relax for a while. When he feels better, he could try again and obtain more knowledge than he would if he did it while he was depressed. • Intrinsic motivation is when an individual is motivated by one’s self to do something. If Abram was intrinsically motivated to succeed in college, then he would be more likely to try harder than if the only motivation was extrinsic. If he wanted it for himself, he would do it. • Self-efficacy is one’s self believing that he/she can do a task. From this comes confidence. If Abram would practice self-efficacy, his confidence would build, and he might start doing better in his classes. To do something good, you have to believe in yourself first.