Biology Study Sheet

Biology Study Sheet Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Topic Learning Objective(s) 1.1 SYI-1.A Explain how the properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding affect its biological function. Structure of Water 1.2 Elements of Life ENE-1.A Describe the composition of macromolecules required by living organisms. 1.3 Introduction of Biological Macromolecules SYI-1.B Describe the properties of the monomers and the type of bonds that connect the monomers in biological macromolecules. 1.4 Properties of Biological Macromolecules SYI-1.B Describe the properties of the monomers and the type of bonds that connect the monomers in biological macromolecules. 1.5 Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules 1.6 Nucleic Acids SYI-1.C Explain how a change in the subunits of a polymer may lead to changes in structure or function of the macromolecule. IST-1.A Describe the structural similarities and differences between DNA and RNA. Additional Resources Unit 1 Review Video CED Topic TikToks Topic TikToks Quizizz Game Codes Topic 1.1: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding Select THREE questions from each topic to respond to in your BS2 folder. You will delete the additional questions, give yourself space to answer, and print your question sheet. You will HANDWRITE your responses to the questions and glue it into your folder. Learning Objective SYI-1.A Explain how the properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding affect its biological function. I can describe a hydrogen bond. I can explain how two strands of DNA bind to create the double helix. I can explain ways that R groups affect the structure of a protein. I can… I can identify the properties of water caused by hydrogen bonds. I can explain what makes water polar. I can explain what moves water against gravity up a capillary tube. I can explain what allows a water strider to walk on water. What is a hydrogen bond? Where are hydrogen bonds found in water? Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA? How many hydrogen bonds are found between each complementary base pairing? What is the structure of an amino acid? What are the three options for the R group? For each R group option, describe the polarity and justify your response. What are three properties of water? How did hydrogen bonding allow for each property? Describe why water is considered a polar molecule? Using the properties of water, describe how water can move up a capillary tube to move from the roots to the leaves in a plant. Using the properties of water, describe how a water strider can walk on water. Select THREE questions from each topic to respond to in your BS2 folder. You will delete the additional questions, give yourself space to answer, and print your question sheet. You will HANDWRITE your responses to the questions and glue it into your folder. Learning Objective ENE-1.A Describe the composition of macromolecules required by living organisms. I can identify the macromolecules required by living organisms. I can describe the function of proteins in living organisms. I can describe the function of lipids in living organisms. I can describe the function of carbohydrates in living organisms. I can describe the function of nucleic acids in living organisms. I can describe how the R group affects the folding of a protein. I can identify the elements found in carbohydrates. I can… I can identify the elements found in proteins. I can identify the elements found in nucleic acids. I can identify the elements found in lipids. I can describe how macromolecules are formed. I can describe how macromolecules are broken down. I can identify which macromolecules contain nitrogen. I can identify which macromolecules contain phosphorus. I can identify which macromolecules contain sulfur. What are the four macromolecules? What are the elements found in a carbohydrate? What are three functions of carbohydrates in living organisms? What are the elements found in a protein? What are the functional groups found in all amino acids? What are three functions of proteins in living organisms? What are the elements found in nucleic acids? What are parts found in all nucleotides? What are three functions of nucleic acids in living organisms? What are the elements found in a lipid? How are the three different types of lipids different? What are three functions of lipids in living organisms? Which macromolecule(s) contain nitrogen? Which macromolecule(s) contain phosphorus? Which macromolecule(s) contain sulfur? How does the R group affect the folding of the protein? (include polar and nonpolar R groups) What is dehydration? Provide an example of dehydration. What is hydrolysis? Provide an example of hydrolysis. Topic 1.3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules Select THREE questions from each topic to respond to in your BS2 folder. You will delete the additional questions, give yourself space to answer, and print your question sheet. You will HANDWRITE your responses to the questions and glue it into your folder. Learning Objective SYI-1.B Describe the properties of the monomers and the type of bonds that connect the monomers in biological macromolecules. I can describe the process of hydrolysis. I can describe the process of dehydration. I can… I can identify the bond between carbohydrate monomers. I can identify the bond between protein monomers. I can identify the bond between nucleic acid monomers. What is the hydrolysis ? Identify inputs and outputs using a specific example. What is the dehydration ? Identify inputs and outputs using a specific example. What type of bond is found in carbohydrates? Specifically, where is this bond located? What type of bond is found between protein monomers? Specifically, where is this bond located? What type of bond is found between nucleic acid monomers? Specifically, where is this bond located? Topic 1.4: Properties of Biological Macromolecules Select THREE questions from each topic to respond to in your BS2 folder. You will delete the additional questions, give yourself space to answer, and print your question sheet. You will HANDWRITE your responses to the questions and glue it into your folder. Learning Objective SYI-1.B Describe the properties of the monomers and the type of bonds that connect the monomers in biological macromolecules. I can describe the structural components of the monomer of a carbohydrate. I can describe the structural components of the monomer of a protein. I can describe the structural components of the monomer of a nucleic acid. I can describe the structural components of a phospholipid. I can… I can describe the difference between the bonds of starch and cellulose. I can describe the structural differences between DNA and RNA. I can identify an R group as hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic. I can describe the effect of level of saturation on function of lipids. What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? Identify the components of the monomer. What is the monomer of a protein? Identify the components of the monomer. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? Identify the components of the monomer. Identify the components of a phospholipid. Starch vs. Cellulose What type of bond is found in starch? What type of bond is found in cellulose? Which bond can be broken by animals? Compare and contrast DNA and RNA using the following chart: DNA Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous Bases Strandedness (traditionally) Identify the group as hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or charged? How does a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid differ? How does the level of saturation affect the function of the lipid? RNA Topic 1.5: Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules Select THREE questions from each topic to respond to in your BS2 folder. You will delete the additional questions, give yourself space to answer, and print your question sheet. You will HANDWRITE your responses to the questions and glue it into your folder. Learning Objective SYI-1.C Explain how a change in the subunits of a polymer may lead to changes in structure or function of the macromolecule. I can explain how changes in the subunits of a protein may lead to changes in structure. I can explain how changes in the subunits of a protein may lead to changes in function. I can explain how changes in the subunits of a nucleic acid may lead to changes in structure. I can explain how changes in the subunits of a nucleic acid may lead to changes in function. I can describe the directionality of a nucleic acid. I can describe the directionality of a protein. I can… I can identify the appropriate base pairing based on Chargaff’s rules. I can identify the location of a growing nucleic acid strand. I can describe the levels of folding found in a protein. I can describe the structure of carbohydrate polymers. I can describe the structure of nucleic acid polymers. I can describe the structure of protein polymers. I can describe the structure of a fat. I can describe the structure of a phospholipid. I can describe the structure of a steroid. Describe how a nonpolar to polar R group substitution changes the structure and function of a protein. Describe how a cytosine to thymine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA. Note this is a pyrimidine-to-pyrimidine substitution Describe how a cytosine to guanine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA. Note this is a pyrimidine-to-purine substitution Describe how a deoxyribose to ribose changes the structure and function of a nucleic acid. Describe the structure of the nucleic acid polymer. What are the ends called and what is found at each end? Which end is the location of the growing nucleic acid strand? What are the complementary base pairings found in nucleic acids? Identify the number of hydrogen bonds found between these two nitrogenous bases. Use the following chart to describe the levels of folding found in proteins. Level of Folding Description Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary What are the ends of a protein called and what is found at each end? Which end is the location of the growing polypeptide strand? Describe the structure of a carbohydrate polymer. What are the components of a fat molecule? What are the components of a phospholipid? Describe the structure of a steroid. Types of Bonds Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acid Select THREE questions from each topic to respond to in your BS2 folder. You will delete the additional questions, give yourself space to answer, and print your question sheet. You will HANDWRITE your responses to the questions and glue it into your folder. Learning Objective IST-1.A Describe the structural similarities and differences between DNA and RNA. I can describe the structure of DNA I can describe the structure of RNA I can describe the structural similarities between DNA and RNA I can… I can describe the sugar differences between DNA and RNA I can describe the nitrogenous base differences between DNA and RNA I can describe the structural differences between polymers of DNA and RNA I can describe the structural differences between directionality of DNA and RNA What are the three components of a DNA or RNA molecule? Identify differences between DNA and RNA using the following chart: DNA Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous Base Difference Strandedness (traditionally) Directionality RNA Multiple Choice Practice Complete the following MCQs for your BS2 folder. After completion, correct your responses with a red pen and provide yourself feedback on your missed questions. Scientists examined the folded structure of a purified protein resuspended in water and found that amino acids with nonpolar R groups were primarily buried in the middle of the protein, whereas amino acids with polar R groups were primarily on the surface of the protein. Which of the following best explains the location of the amino acids in the folded protein? Polar R groups on the surface of the protein can form ionic bonds with the charged ends of the water molecules. Polar R groups are too bulky to fit in the middle of the protein and are pushed toward the protein’s surface. Nonpolar R groups that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water are pushed into the middle of the protein. Nonpolar R groups from different parts of the protein form covalent bonds with each other to maintain the protein’s structure. Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray diffraction images taken in the 1950s most directly support which of the following claims about DNA? The ratios of base pairs are constant. The nucleotide sequence determines genetic information. The two strands of DNA are antiparallel. The basic molecular structure is a helix. Which of the following does not result from hydrogen bonding in water molecules? Cohesion Adhesion Surface Tension Dissolving fats Why is water considered polar? Nonpolar covalent bonds in structure Ionic bonds in structure Polar covalent bonds in structure Hydrophobic interaction in structure Which macromolecule(s) have nitrogen? Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids & Proteins Which macromolecule(s) have phosphorus? Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Fats Which macromolecule(s) have sulfur? Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Fats Describes the forming of a bond between monomers with the removal of a water molecule. Hydrolysis Dehydration Describes the breaking of a bond within a polymer using water. Hydrolysis Dehydration Which of the following is NOT in the monomer of a nucleic acid? pentose sugar nitrogenous base phosphate amino acid Which of the following is NOT in the monomer of a protein? Amine Group R Group Carboxyl Group Nitrogenous Base Describe the orientation of the phospholipids in the membrane. Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophilic heads on exterior Phospholipids orient in monolayer with hydrophilic head on extracellular Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophobic tails on exterior Phospholipids orient in monolayer with hydrophobic tails on extracellular How is DNA/RNA synthesis directionally oriented? new nucleotides are added to 5' phosphate new nucleotides are added to 3' phosphate new nucleotides are added to 5' hydroxyl new nucleotides are added to 3' hydroxyl Identify the pairing and number of bonds in DNA double helix A pairs with T (2 bonds) & G pairs with C (3 bonds) A pairs with G (2 bonds) & T pairs with C (3 bonds) A pairs with T (3 bonds) & G pairs with C (2 bonds) A pairs with G (3 bonds) & T pairs with C (2 bonds) What component of the polypeptide is the next amino acid added forming the peptide bond? amino group hydrogen carboxyl group R group Which protein involves R group bonding to form the final three-dimensional structure? primary secondary tertiary quaternary Which protein structure involves the peptide bonds between amino acids? primary secondary tertiary quaternary DNA and RNA differ on many qualities, which of the following is NOT a difference? Sugar Nitrogenous Base Phosphate Group Strandedness Multiple Choice Key Question Correct Answer Unit/Topic Source 2020 1 C. Nonpolar R groups that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water are pushed into the middle of the protein. 1.4 CED #12 2 D. The basic molecular structure is a helix. 1.5 2013 #6 3 D. Dissolving fats 1.1 Self 4 C. Polar covalent bonds in structure 1.1 Self 5 D. Nucleic Acids & Proteins 1.2 Self 6 C. Nucleic Acids 1.2 Self 7 B. Proteins 1.2 Self 8 B. Dehydration 1.3 Self 9 A. Hydrolysis 1.3 Self 10 D. Amino Acid 1.4 Self 11 D. Nitrogenous Base 1.4 Self 12 A. Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophilic heads on exterior 1.4 Self 13 D. new nucleotides are added to 3' hydroxyl 1.5 Self 14 A. A pairs with T (2 bonds) & G pairs with C (3 bonds) 1.5 Self 15 C. carboxyl group 1.5 Self 16 C. tertiary 1.5 Self 17 A. primary 1.5 Self 18 C. Phosphate Group 1.6 Self Multiple Choice Explanations Q Explanation: A Polar groups are formed from polar covalent bonding (unequal sharing of electrons) which gives the polar groups a partial charge. An ionic bond is the attractive bond between an cation and an anion which result from the loss or gain of an electron. B Polar groups will be attracted to the polar nature of water resulting in the polar groups on the surface of the protein. 1 C Nonpolar groups are formed from nonpolar covalent bonding (equal sharing of electrons) which results in no partial charge. The absence of the partial charge inhibits the hydrogen bonding with water molecules which are polar. D Bonding (including covalent) between R groups will allow for covalent bonding (and other bonds). It does not apply to only the nonpolar R groups nor does it explain the location of the polar R groups on surface and nonpolar R groups buried in the middle (as stated in the prompt). 2 A The images would be unable to show the nitrogenous bases thus unable to determine the ratios B The images would be unable to show the nitrogenous bases thus unable to determine the nucleotide sequence C The images would be unable to show the phosphate versus hydroxyl groups thus unable to determine the directionality (to determine antiparallel) D The image clearly shows a circular shape with an X through the middle. This demonstrates there are two strands or a double helix (circular shape) with binding in the middle of nitrogenous bases (making the X shape). A Cohesion is due to water molecules hydrogen binding to one another B Adhesion is due to water molecules hydrogen binding to other polar molecules 3 C Surface tension of water is due to water molecules hydrogen bonding to one another at the surface D Dissolving fats involves the water molecules surrounding the fat molecule creating a hydration shell. The fats are nonpolar while the water molecules are polar, which means there are no hydrogen bonds formed between these two. A Nonpolar covalent bonds are the result of equally sharing valence electrons. This equal sharing does not result in partial charges that allow for the polar nature of water. B Ionic bonds result from the gain or loss of electrons resulting in opposite charged ions. Water does not have ionic bonds as these come form between metals and nonmetals. 4 C Polar covalent bonds are the result of unequally sharing valence electrons. This unequal sharing results in partial charges that allow for the polar nature of water. D Hydrophobic interaction results from nonpolar (hydrophobic) groups associating. Nonpolar bonds result from equal sharing due to a similar electronegativity between the atoms. 5 A Carbohydrates are made up of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. B Great Job! Proteins do have nitrogen in their amino groups. You didn’t read all of the answer choices. C Great Job! Nucleic acids do have nitrogen in their nitrogenous base. You didn’t read all of the answer choices. D Nucleic acids have nitrogen in their nitrogenous bases and proteins have nitrogen in their amino group. 6 A Carbohydrates are made up of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. B Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. C Nucleic acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. D Fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A Carbohydrates are made up of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. B Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. 7 C Nucleic acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. D Fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 8 A Hydrolysis involves breaking a water molecule to break a bond between monomers of a polymer. B 9 Dehydration involves forming a water molecule and forming a bond between monomers of a polymer. The hydroxyl group combines with the hydrogen resulting in the water molecule that is removed. A Hydrolysis involves breaking a water molecule to break a bond between monomers of a polymer. B Dehydration involves forming a water molecule and forming a bond between monomers of a polymer. The hydroxyl group combines with the hydrogen resulting in the water molecule that is removed. A Pentose sugar is in nucleotides. DNA has a deoxyribose . RNA has a ribose. B Nitrogenous bases are in nucleotides. DNA has A, T, C, & G. RNA has A, U, C, & G. C Phosphates are in ALL nucleotides. 10 D Amino acids are the monomer for proteins and not found in the nucleotide monomer. A Amine group is in an amino acid. It makes up the Nterminus of the protein. B R group is the variable group found in all amino acids. C Carboxyl group is in an amino acid. It makes up the Cterminus of the protein. D Nitrogenous bases are found in the nucleotide monomer of nucleic acids. This is not found in the amino acid monomer. 11 A Phospholipids are composed of a polar phosphate group and two nonpolar fatty acid tails. Since the phosphates are polar, there will be bilayer with these polar groups facing the aqueous intracellular and extracellular region. B Phospholipids will not orient into a monolayer since the intracellular and extracellular areas are both aqueous, so the nonpolar fatty acids need to associate together in the interior. 12 C Phospholipids will orient into a bilayer, but the fatty acids tails are hydrophobic. The tails will associate to the interior of the membrane to avoid the water/polar substances. D Phospholipids will not orient into a monolayer since the intracellular and extracellular areas are both aqueous, so the nonpolar fatty acids need to associate together in the interior. A DNA/RNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. At the 5’ end, there is a phosphate. Since it is synthesized 5’ to 3’, the new nucleotides will be added to a 3’ end not a 5’ end. B DNA/RNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. At the 3’ end, there is a hydroxyl group. Since it is synthesized 5’ to 3’, the new nucleotides will be added to a 3’ hydroxyl group. 13 C DNA/RNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. At the 5’ end, there is a phosphate. Since it is synthesized 5’ to 3’, the new nucleotides will be added to a 3’ end not a 5’ end. D DNA/RNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. At the 3’ end, there is a hydroxyl group. Since it is synthesized 5’ to 3’, the new nucleotides will be added to a 3’ hydroxyl group. 14 A Based on the base pairing rules, A pairs with T and C pairs with G. It is important to know the number of hydrogen bonds between them. There are 2 between A and T (remember since there are two lines that make the T) and there are 3 between C and G (remember since C is the third letter in the alphabet). B A and G do not pair together as these are both purines. C and T do not pair together as these are both pyrimidines. In order to maintain, equal width in the double helix a purine binds with a pyrimidine. C A and T do pair together and C and G do pair together. This answer choice has the wrong number of hydrogen bonds. There are 2 between A and T (remember since there are two lines that make the T) and there are 3 between C and G (remember since C is the third letter in the alphabet). D A and G do not pair together as these are both purines. C and T do not pair together as these are both pyrimidines. In order to maintain, equal width in the double helix a purine binds with a pyrimidine. 15 A A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next amino acid. The amine group is the NEXT amino acid. B A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next amino acid. The hydrogen group is not involved in the peptide bond. The hydrogen group is involved in the hydrogen bonding in the secondary structure. C A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next amino acid. D A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next amino acid. The R group is not involved in the peptide bond. The R group is involved in the bonding in the tertiary and quaternary structure. A Primary structure is the “string of amino acids” which involves the peptide bonds between amino acids B Secondary structure is the alpha helix and beta pleated sheets which involves the hydrogen bonding between the polypeptide backbone. 16 C Tertiary structure is the final threedimensional structure which involves the R groups bonding D Quaternary structure is the final threedimensional structure with multiple polypeptides A Primary structure is the “string of amino acids” which involves the peptide bonds between amino acids B Secondary structure is the alpha helix and beta pleated sheets which involves the hydrogen bonding between the polypeptide backbone. 17 C Tertiary structure is the final threedimensional structure which involves the R groups bonding D Quaternary structure is the final threedimensional structure with multiple polypeptides A DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose for their pentose sugar. B DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil. The other three nitrogenous bases are the same (adenine, cytosine, and guanine) C Both DNA and RNA have a phosphate group. 18 D DNA is traditionally a double stranded molecule while RNA is traditionally a single stranded molecule. Free Response Practice 2023 #1 In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, Ph regulating phosphate homeostasis. When the level of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high, a transcriptional two proteins, Pho80–Pho85. As a result, the Pho target genes are not expressed. When the level of extracellular Pi is inhibited by another protein, Pho81, enabling Pho4 to induce the expression of these target genes. A simplified mode To study the role of the different proteins in the PHO pathway, researchers used a wild-type strain of yeast to create a and a strain with a mutant form of Pho4 (pho81mt). In each of these mutant strains, researchers measured the activity phosphates from its substrates and is encoded by PHO1, a Pho target gene (Table 1). They then determined the level yeast strain, which was set to 10. 2022 #2 During meiosis, double-strand breaks occur in chrom breaks are either repaired by the exchange of genetic material between homologous non-sister chromatids, which is t known as crossing over (Figure 1A), or they are simply repaired without any crossing over (Figure 1B). Plant breede developing new varieties of corn are interested in determining whether, in corn, a correlation exists between the num meiotic double-strand chromatid breaks and the number of crossovers. Using specialized staining and microscopy techniques, scientists counted the number of double-strand chromatid bre number of crossovers in the same number of meiotic gamete-forming cells of six inbred strains of corn (Table 1). (a) The double-strand breaks occur along the DNA backbone. Describe the process by which the breaks occur. (b) Using the template in the space provided for your response, construct an appropriately labeled graph that represe data in Table 1 and allows examination of a possible correlation between double-strand breaks and crossovers. Based data, determine whether corn strains I, II, and III differ in their average number of crossovers. 2021 #2 Geneticists investigated the mode of inheritance of a rare disorder that alters glucose metabolism and first shows symptoms in adulthood. The geneticists studied a family in which some individuals of generations II and III are known to have the disorder. Based on the pedigree (Figure 1 – not shown), the geneticists concluded that the disorder arose in individuals II-2 and was caused by a mutation in mitochondrial DNA. (a) The disorder alters glucose metabolism. Describe the atoms AND types of bonds in a glucose molecule. Free Response Practice Using the full prompts provided on Canvas, complete the following FRQs for your BS2 folder. 2023 #1 (a) Describe the effect that the addition of a charged phosphate group can have on a protein that would cause the protein to become inactive. (b) Based on Table 1, identify a dependent variable in the researchers’ experiment. (c) Based on the data in Table 1, identify the yeast strain and growth conditions that lead to the highest relative amount of PHO1 mRNA. 2022 #2 (a) The double-strand breaks occur along the DNA backbone. Describe the process by which the breaks occur. (b) Using the template in the space provided for your response, construct an appropriately labeled graph that represe data in Table 1 and allows examination of a possible correlation between double-strand breaks and crossovers. Based data, determine whether corn strains I, II, and III differ in their average number of crossovers. 2021 #2 Geneticists investigated the mode of inheritance of a rare disorder that alters glucose metabolism and first shows symptoms in adulthood. The geneticists studied a family in which some individuals of generations II and III are known to have the disorder. Based on the pedigree (Figure 1 – not shown), the geneticists concluded that the disorder arose in individuals II-2 and was caused by a mutation in mitochondrial DNA. (a) The disorder alters glucose metabolism. Describe the atoms AND types of bonds in a glucose molecule. Free Response Scoring Guidelines Using your completed Free Response Practice in your BS2 folder and a red pen, add additional information to/correct your response. 2023 #1 Part (a) Scoring Guidelines (b) (c) 2022 #2 Part Scoring Guidelines Topic (a) 1.3 (b) 2021 #2 Part (a) Scoring Guidelines