Darwin’s Finches

Darwin’s Finches The variety of finches of the Galapagos Islands is a result of natural selection and speciation. The finches are split into 2 large groups – ground finches and tree finches. The species that live on the ground each eat different types of seeds or cactus. The tree finches each eat different types of bugs. In each species of bird the beak has become modified for its specific diet. When Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands he concluded (and his conclusions are backed by years of careful research by others) that the different species of finches were all descended from the same common ancestor. Long ago, about 10,000 years ago, the volcanic islands were colonized by South American finches that probably were blown out to sea by a storm. Apparently, conditions on the islands were favorable, and the finches flourished. Their descendants eventually populated all the islands by occasional island hopping. What followed was speciation. In this example of speciation, many species arose from a common ancestor that was introduced to a new environment with new opportunities and new problems for the species to survive. The original ground finches from South America had the islands to themselves, as far as they were concerned. There was a great variety of food. They were already well adapted for searching for small seeds on the ground, but there were other plentiful untapped food resources – food not ordinarily eaten by finches. However, the growing populations of finches eventually started to use up the available supply of small seeds. Thus, natural selection began to favor birds that could also cope with larger seeds and with other food sources. In time, the size and shape of the bird’s beaks changed through the process of natural selection as each population began to adapt more closely to the different kinds of food found on each island. As differences in lifestyles and specialization became magnified among diverging populations, competition for food would have been reduced. After thousands of years of divergence on the Galapagos Islands the different finch species were unable to interbreed. Clearly, speciation (the formation of new species) had occurred. Family Tree of Darwin’s Finches Common Ancestor (from South America) Darwin’s Finches Academic Name: __________________________________ 1. To demonstrate your understanding of the reading on Darwin’s Finches and our notes on natural selection and speciation, circle the correct effect that the environment of the Galapagos Islands would have on the finch population: A. The need to survive would cause the finches to change their beaks. B. Only those finches with specialized beaks would find food and live to reproduce. C. The finches would decide to mutate to grow specialized beaks. Through the completion of the following questions, you will explain how speciation and natural selection created the different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands, which are now recognized as “Darwin’s Finches”. 2. Write the first step of speciation _________________________________________________________________ a. Explain how the common ground finch from South America went through this first step: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. The 2nd step of speciation is how different populations of a species adapt to their environment through natural selection. In the numbered boxes below state the 5 steps of natural selection AND explain in detail how Darwin’s Finches went through the 5 steps of natural selection to obtain their different size & shape beaks. Step 1: ______________________________ Step 2: ______________________________ Explanation: _____________________________ Explanation: _____________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Step 3: ______________________________ Step 4: ______________________________ Explanation: _____________________________ Explanation: _____________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Step 5: ______________________________ Explanation: _____________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 4. The third step of speciation is divergence. What proof is mentioned in the reading that demonstrates the divergence of Darwin’s Finches into the different species of finches? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 5. How does the “Family Tree of Darwin’s Finches” (shown below the reading) provide a visual model for speciation? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________