Contemporary Nursing Roles and Career Opportunities

SPRING 2020-2021 NURS 201 1 Part II: Second Lecture Contemporary Nursing Profession 2 Learning Objectives: • By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to: • Identify the Current Definition Themes of Nursing. • State the Fundamental Nursing Concepts. • Define Profession, Professionalism and Professionalization. • State the Scope & Settings of Nursing practice. • Clarify the branches of nursing profession. • State the role of professional nurse. 3 Learning Objectives: • By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to: • Identify the role of socialization of nursing. • Mention the Critical Values of Nursing. • State the common Regulation of Nursing Profession. • List the common international nursing association for nursing profession. • Discuss the factors and challenges affecting nursing profession. 4 Current Definition Themes of Nursing Common Definition Themes: Nursing is Caring Nursing is an Art Nursing is a Science Nursing is Client-Centered Nursing is Holistic Nursing is Adaptive Nursing is a Helping Profession Fundamental Nursing Concepts( Metapradigm) 6 What Are Fundamental Nursing Concepts? 1-Person and Patient: • Person refers to the recipient of nursing, (including: individuals, families, & communities & other groups). Recipient of care Consumer Patient Client Consumer: an individual, group of people or community that uses a service /commodity Patient: A person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment or care. Client: A person who is responsible for own health in collaboration with health care professionals 7 What Are Fundamental Nursing Concepts? 2- Health: • It refers to the person's well-being which can range from high level wellness to terminal illness. It is a state of complete physical, mental, & social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. – Illness: Is a process in which the functioning of a person is diminished or impaired in one or more dimensions when compared with the person's previous condition. 8 Fundamental Nursing Concepts 3- Nursing & Nurse: • Nurse: The nurse is a person who has completed a programmed of basic, generalized nursing education and is authorized to practice nursing in his / her country. – Nursing intervention: it refers to the actions taken by nurses on behalf of or in conjunction with the person and the goals or outcomes of nursing actions. – Nursing process: a systematic process of assessment, diagnosis, outcome identifications, planning, implementation, and evaluation. 9 Fundamental Nursing Concepts 4- Environment: it refers to the person's significant others and physical surroundings as well as the setting in which nursing occurs. 10 Definition of Profession and Professionalization • Profession: is an occupation that requires special knowledge, skills & preparation. A profession is distinguishable from other kinds of occupations. Professionalism and Professionalization •Professionalism = Maintaining specific professional character, spirit or methods = way of life that implies responsibility and commitment. •Professionalization = process of becoming professional and acquiring the characteristics to be professional 11 Criteria/ Characteristics of Nursing Profession 1. Specialized Education: Hospital diploma, Associate Baccalaureate degree, Master’s degree and Doctoral degree. degree, 2. Body of Knowledge: Conceptual framework that give direction to nursing practice, education and on going research. 3. Sense of community: sense of identity; has distinct role through a shared common values, behaviors, and language related to the community. 4. Service Orientated: Hallmark of a profession “selfless concern for other” (Altruism) 12 Criteria/ Characteristics of Nursing Profession 5. Ongoing Research: focused on practice-related issues. 6. Code of Ethics: it is a standardized system for the members of a profession to ensures the quality of the service render by a profession and its members. 7. Autonomy: independence at work, responsibility and accountability for one’s action. 8. Professional Organization:  Foster High Standard Of Nursing Practice, e.g. ANA.  Promote economic and general welfare of nurses in the workplace. 13 Scope/Areas of Nursing • Nursing practice involves four areas: promoting health and wellness, preventing illness, restoring health, and caring for the dying. 1. Promotion of health and wellness – Individual and community activities to enhance health lifestyles 2. Prevention of illness – Immunizations – Prenatal and infant care – Prevention of sexual transmitted diseases (STIs) Scope of Nursing 3. Restoring health Direct care to ill person Diagnostic and assessment procedures Consulting other health care professionals Teaching clients recovery activities Rehabilitating clients to optimal functional level 4. Care for the dying – Care for a client with a terminal illness – Comforting people of all ages – In homes, hospitals, extended care facilities, and hospices Nursing Process 16 Settings for Nursing care Acute care hospitals Clients' homes Community agencies Ambulatory clinics Long-term care facilities Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) • Nursing practice centers Branches of Nursing Profession • Nursing Education (Based on nursing science and education theories; controlled by the state education and health care guide). • Nursing practice (Fundamental nursing care, to meet basic needs of clients; specialty nursing, based on nursing science and specialty theories, knowledge and skills). • Community-based health care (Directed population or group within the community). toward a specific • Nursing Management (Systematic management of factors as nursing professional staff, technologies, equipment, information, financing) 19 Roles and Functions of Nurses • Caregiver – Assist client physically and psychologically while preserving client's dignity. • Communicator – Identify client problems and communicate them to other members of the health care team • Teacher – Help clients learn about health and health care procedures to restore or maintain health • Client advocate – Represent, protect the client's needs and wishes • Counselor Help client to recognize and cope with stressful psychological or social problems, develop improved relationships, and promote personal growth Roles and Functions of Nurses • Change agent – Assist clients to make modifications in behavior • Leader – Influence others to work together to accomplish specific goal(s) • Manager – Manage care of individuals, families, and communities – Delegate nursing activities • Case manager – Managing a client’s hospital stay – Work with or act as primary nurse to oversee care of specific caseload • Research consumer Use research to improve client care Expanded Career Roles Nurse Practitioner: has an advanced education; graduate of nurse practitioner program. Clinical Nurse Specialist: expert in specialized area of practice e.g. gerontology, oncology. Nurse Anaesthetist: completed program in anesthesiology. Nurse Midwife: registered nurse who has completed program in midwifery. Nurse Researcher: investigate research problems to; a) improve nursing care b) refine and expand nursing knowledge. 22 Values and Ethics in Nursing ETHICS = Ethics is a branch of philosophy concerned with determining right and wrong in relation to people’s decisions and actions ETHICS = good character and conduct • Nursing Ethics is an expression of how nurses ought to conduct themselves that leads to value system. • VALUES = personal belief about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom. • Values Clarification: is the first step in development of ethical behaviors. Universal Ethical Principles Ethical Principles: serve as guidelines in ethical decision-making. Autonomy: right to make own decision. (respect the client right) Non maleficence: “do no harm” Beneficence: “doing good” Justice: “fairness” Veracity: “telling the truth” Fidelity: “faithful, keeping promises” 24 Essential Values for Nursing Cultural competence : culturally sensitive and competent care. Altruism: concerns for welfare & well being. Human Dignity: reflect when nurse values & respects all patient & colleagues. Integrity: reflect when nurse is honest based on ethical framework. Social Justice: act in accordance with fair treatment (economic status, race, ethnicity, age, citizenship). 25 Socialization to Nursing – Socialization is process by which a person learns the ways of group or society in order to become a functioning participant. – Ex. Students bound together by feelings of mutual cooperation, support, and solidarity. – Various models of the socialization process have been developed. Benner’s model (2001) describes five levels of proficiency/ stages of expertise in nursing is the most common model. Benner's Stages of Nursing Expertise Five Levels of Proficiency in Nursing Stage I: Novice II: Advanced beginner III: Competent IV: Proficient V: Expert 28 29 International Nursing Associations/ Organizations • Purpose: to – Improve the quality of nursing care. – Establishes standards for nursing practice. – Establishes a professional code of ethics. – Develops educational standards. – Oversees a credentialing system. – Influences legislation affecting health care. – Provides continuing-education programs. 30 Common International Nursing Association/ Organization 1-American Nurses Association (ANA) (The Pioneer Organization) Established 1911. Fostering high standards of nursing practice and professional performance. 2 -International Council of Nurses (ICN) Established in 1899. Fostering ICN code of ethics. 3- National League for Nursing (NLN) Established 1952. Fostering the development & improvement of all nursing services & nursing education. 3-National Student Nurses Association (NSNA) Formed in 1953 and incorporated in 1959. Fostering the students’ education. 5-International Honor Society: Sigma Theta Tau Sigma Theta Tau, the international honor society in nursing, was founded in 1922 31 Regulation of Nursing Profession Commonly through: • Nurse Practice Acts • ANA: – Standards of Practice – Standards of Professional Performance • Nurse practice acts in the legal system • NSNA's Code of Clinical Conduct • Nursing code of ethics • Review of job descriptions • Registration and Licensure 32 Regulation of Nursing Profession in Saudi Arabia (2003) Regional Nursing Departments in each Health Directorate at MOH Three major departments: 1. Nursing Services & Quality management 2. Continuous education & training 3. Planning, policies and research in nursing 33 Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice Economics: greater support provided through public and private health insurance program thus increase demand for nursing care. Consumer Demands: active participant to make decision in health & nursing care “public“, (consumer service). Family Structure: provision of nursing service e.g. adolescent mother living away from extended family, single-parent family needs specialized nursing services. Science and Technology: new technology with health care is benefited in great effect in nursing practice. 34 Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice Information and Telecommunication: helps to evaluate information by internet/valid website. Legislation: maintain standard of nursing practice. Demography: study of population/statistics (age, residence, mortality (death), & morbidity (incidence of disease). Nursing Shortage: aging nurse work force, shortage of nursing faculty, nursing school enrollment, and aging populations. 35