Femur - Complete Note

FEMURSITE:- It is the bone of the thigh It is about 45 cm.(the longest bone in the body)IDENTIFICATION OF THE SIDE OF FEMUR (RT or LT)(1) Upper end is identified by the head.(2) Head is directed medially3Shaft is conver forwards.GENERAL FEATURESHuman Anatomy for ExamIt is a typical long bone formed of -(1) Upper end (2) Shaft (3) Lower endARTICULATIONS1 The Head :- Articulates with the acetabulum in the hip joint2 The 2 femoral condyles articulate with the 2 tibial condyles.3The patellar surface of Lower end articulates with theposterior surface of patellaSUBCUTANEOUS PARTS1Greater trochanter (2) 2 candyles & epicondyles3Adduct on tubercle.THE UPPER ENDTHE HEADDIPANKAR RAYForms more than 1/2 a sphere & is directed upwards, forwards andmedially.Near its centre, there is a depression called pit or fover(gives attachment to round ligament)In the living, the head is covered by hyaline cartilage (except thefovea) & articulates with the acetabulum (hip joint).THE NECKIt is about 5 cm. long & connects the head with the shaft.It forms an angle of 110-120° with the axis of the shaftcalled the neek shaft angle.The significance of the angle is to allow free movement of ferruraway from the pelvis The angle is Smaller in females due tothe large Size of pelvis.LESSER TROCHANTERA small pyramidal projection which lies posteromedially at the junctionof the neck with the shaft. FEMUR2GREATER TROCHATERat the junction of the neck and shaft.A quadrangular eminence which projects laterally & upwardsIts lateral surface carries an oblique ridge. DIPANKAR RAYIts medial surface carries a depression called tochanteric fossa.INTER TROCHANTERIC LINEA rough line joining the greater and lesser trochanters anteriorly.INTER -TROCHANTERIC CRESTHuman Anatomay For ExamA rounded ridge corrected the greater and lesser trochantersposteriorly.The intertrochanteric crest shows a prominence calledquadrate tubercle above its middle.BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEAD OF FEMURFrom a small artory in the ligamentum teres (attached to fovea).From the blood vessels in the capsule of hip joint (retinacularvessels) which reflect to the neck (main supply)From ascending branch of the nutrient artery in theshaftSHAFT OF FEMURIt is convex forwards (to throw the line of the body weight)infront of the knee joint thus keeping it passively extendedIts middle 1/3 has 3 surfaces while its upper and lower thirdshave 4 surfaces.UPPER 1/3 OF THE SHAFTIt is flattered posteriorly. having a post-surface in additionto the anterior, lateral and medial surfaces.The post surface is bounded Laterally by gluten tuberosityMedially by the SIThe Pectineal line of femur: is a rough line on the post-sufface ofthe upper 1/3 of the shaft, extending from lesser trochanter to theupper end of linea cspera FEMUR3MIDDLE 1/3 OF THE SHAFTIt has 3 borders - Post border (2) Med Border3Lat Border(linea spera)(Rounded)(Rounded)It has 3 surfaces -1) Ant Surface (2) Med Surface (3) Lateral Surface.LINEA ASPERA (Post Border)- It is a board thick ridge forming the posterior border of themiddle 1/3 of the shaft.-It has 2 lips (Lateral and medial) which lie close in the middle1/3 but divenge from each other in the upper 1/3 and the lower1/3 of the shart(a)/In the Upper 1/3):Drannac PAYThe medial lip of linea aspera extends up forming the spiral linewhich winds around the medial aspect of the shaft belowthe lesser tro chanter to reach the lower end of theintertrochanteric line--The lateral lip of linea aspera is continuous with the glutealtuberosity(b)In the Lower 1/3:Human Anatomy for ExumThe med and lateral lips of linea aspera diverge from eachother forming the medial and lateral Supracondular lines.-The medial supracondylor lime ends below in a tuberclecalled the Adductor Tubercle.LOWER END (1/3) OF SHAFTIt has also a post-surface called the Popliteal Surface which isbounded by the medial and lateral supracondylar lines. FEMUR4THE LOWER ENDIt is composed of 2 large condyles medial and lateralAnteriorly the 2 conducts fuse together furning an articularsurface for the patella called the patellar surface.Posteriorly-2 condites are separated by intercondular notchthe notch is separated from the poplical surface byintercondular line.THE MEDIAL CONDYLEDRANKARAM(1) It is larger and more curved than the lateral condyle as it isconcerned mainly with the rotatory movements of theknee joint(2) It projects more downwards (to compensate for the obliquityof the shaft](3) The most prominent pant of its medial surface is calledmedial epicondyle he upper part of the medial condyle(4)At the lower end of the medial supracundybr line carriesa projection called addicter tubercle.THE LATERAL CONDYLEHuman Analomy for Exam(1) It is smaller thicker, stronger and less curved than themedial transmission. condyle as it is concerned mainly with body weight(2) It projects more forwards (to prevent lateral disloration of patella)(3) The most prominent part of its lateral surface is calledlateral epicondyle.4 Below the lateral epicondyle. there is a groove calledpoplical sulcus. FEMUR5MUSCLES AND LIGAMENTS ATTACHED TO THE FEMURTHE UPPER ENDDIDANKAR RAYTHE HEADThe round ligament ( ligamentum teres) of the headis attached to the foved.NB: - It has no mechanical importance Its main function is tocarry blood supply to the head of femur.THE GREATER TROCHANTER gives insertion to 5 muscles:(1) Priformis :- Inserted into its upper border (top). Human For Exam Anatomy1 Gluteus minimus Inserted into its anterior surface.(3) (4) Obturator Gluteus medius i- Inserted into the oblique ridgle on its lat surface.internus (& the gemilli) Inserted into its medial surface.(5) Obturazor externus : Inserted into the trochanteric fossa on themedial surfaceTHE LESSER TROCHANTERGives insertion to iliopsoas tendonINTER TROCHANTERIC LINEGives attachment to(1) Fibrous capsule of the hip joint(2) Diofemoral ligament(3) Origin of of superior part of Vastus medialis (from its lower end)(4) Origin superior part of Vastus lateralis (from its upper end)QUADRATE TUBERCLE & the bone below it: Gives insertion toQuadratus femoris inGLUTEAL TUBEROSITYGire insertion to the deep Y/4 of Gluteus maximus.Its Its lateral med border: Insertion of pubic part of Adductor magnus.border: Origin of Vastus lateralis.BACK OF NECK OF FEMUR1 Gives cm. attachment to the capsule of hipjointcrest. proximal to the interrochanteric FEMUR6MUSCLES ATTACHED TO THE SHAFT OF FEMURVASTUS INTERMEDIALIS :- Arises from the upper 3/4 of theant and lateral susfaces.VASTUS MEDIALIS :- Arises from the medial lip of linea asperaand its extensions:DIPANKAR RAY(a) Upwards along the spiral line to the lower part ofinterorochanteric line.(b) Downwards along the upper part of medial supracondular line.VASTUS LATERALIS:- its Arises from the lateral lip of linea aspera andof line. the gluteal tuberosity to the upper part of the interrochantenicextensions upwards along the lateral lipHuman Anatomy for ExamSHORT HEAD OF BICEPS:- Arises of from the lirea aspera & the upper1/2 lateral supracondular ridge-ARTICULARIS GENU MUSCLE:- Arises from a small area in the lowerpart of the anterior-surfacePECTINEUS MUSELE :- Inserted into the upper part of thepectimeal line of Semur.Adductor LONGUS:- Inserted into the linea aspera.ADDUCTOR BREVIS :- Inserted into the lower part of thepectimeal line of femur + the upper partof the linea aspera.ADDUCTOR MAGNUS:-PUBIC PART:- Inserted into the medial border of the glutealtuberosity, media lip of linea aspera andmedial supracendybr ridge.ISCHIAL PART: -Inserted into the adductor tubercle. FEMUR7MUSCLES ATTACHED TO THE SHAFT OF FEMURCONT..The linea aspera gives attachment to I structuresAdductor brevisVastus medialisVastus lateralis3 INSERTIONS3 ORIGINSAdductor longusShort head of BicepsAdductor magnus.Medial Intermuscular Septum3 INTERMUSCULAR SEPTALateral Intermuscular SeptumDIPAMANA RAYPosterior Intermuscular Septum.Human Anaurmy For ElamT.S. in FEMURMEDIALSVASTUS LITERNITYMEDIAL INTERMUSCULAR SECTIONLAT INTERMUSCULAR SEPTUMADDUCTOR LONGUSShirtBREATHEAROFBusinessSECURITY FEMUR8RUMB7MUSCLES & LIGAMENTS ATTACHED TO THE LOWER END OF FEMORMUSCLES(1)LATERAL HEAD OF GASTROC NEMIUS :- Arises from an impressionon the lateral surface of the lateral condyle (just above andbehind the lateral epicondyle).(2) MEDIAL HEAD OF GASTROCNEMIUS:-DIPANKAR RATArises from the popliced surface of femur above themedial condyle.(3PLANTARIS (If present) :- Arises from the popliteal surface abovethe lateral condyle.4 POPLITEUS:- Arises from the anterior part of the poplicalsuleus below the lateral epicondyle (Intracapsular)LIGAMENTSHuman Anatomy For Exam11CAPSULE OF KNEE JOINT :- Attached around the articular surfaceof lower end of femur(2) TIBIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT:- Attached to the medial epicondyle(of knee joint)3 FIBULAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT of knee joint:- Attached to lateral epicondyle4 ANT CRUCIATE LIGAMENT: Attached to the post part of themedial surface of the lateral condule.5POST CRUCIATE LIGAMENT: Attached to the anterior part of thelateral surface of the medial condyle.