Sensation and Perception Test Answer Key Part 4

68. What term describes how tactile information on one side of the body is processed on the opposite side of the brain? Ans: Contralaterally Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Hard Essay 69. Describe the pathway whereby touch receptors send information to the brain. Ans: Tactile information is sent via the spinal cord to the brain where it is first received by the thalamus before being routed to the somatosensory cortex (in the parietal lobe). Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 70. Which tactile receptors respond to temperature? a) Merkel’s discs b) Ruffini’s end-organs c) Free nerve endings d) Meissner’s corpuscles Ans: c Feedback A: Responds to moderate pressure Feedback B: Responds to heavy pressure and movement of joints Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Responds to sensitive touch Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Medium True/False 71. Tactile information is sent from touch receptors in the skin to the somatosensory cortex. Ans: False Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Hard Fill-in-the-blank 72. The fast pathway for pain uses __________ neurons so we can respond quickly to pain. Ans: myelinated Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 73. What tactile receptors located deep in the skin respond to the movement of joints? Ans: Ruffini’s end-organs Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Medium Essay 74. Describe the characteristics of the slow and fast pain pathways. Ans: Fast pain pathways use myelinated neurons whereas the slow pain pathways do not. Pain perceived through the fast pathways is sharp pain whereas pain perceived through the slow pathways is nagging or burning pain. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 75. Studies of pain thresholds suggest that which group of individuals have a lower threshold for detecting pain? a) Caucasian women b) Japanese women c) Caucasian men d) Japanese men Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Higher threshold than Caucasian women Feedback C: Higher threshold than Caucasian women Feedback D: Higher threshold than Caucasian women Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Hard True/False 76. Research suggests that women have twice as many pain receptors in their facial skin as men. Ans: True Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 77. The chemicals produced by our bodies that have pain relieving properties are called __________. Ans: endorphins or enkephalins Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Easy Short Answer 78. What class of molecules includes endorphins and enkephalins? Ans: Opiates Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Hard Essay 79. Describe the gate control theory. Ans: Some neural patterns of activity in the brain itself can create a “gate” to prevent pain messages from reaching the brain. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Hard True/False 81. Some people are incapable of detecting pain. Ans: True Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 82. A rare genetic condition associated with the inability to detect pain is known as __________. Ans: familial dysautonomia Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Hard Short Answer 83. Why is insensitivity to pain dangerous? Ans: Prevents detection of discomfort that may lead to serious injury Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Medium Essay 84. Define phantom limb sensations? Ans: Tactile hallucinations people with amputated limbs report sensations from Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 85. Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is CORRECTLY matched with a location? a) free nerve endings -- deep in the skin b) Meissner’s corpuscles – near the surface of the skin c) Pacinian corpuscles – in the hairless parts of the body d) Ruffini’s end-organs – deep in the skin Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. Free nerve endings are located near the surface of the skin. Ruffini’s end-organs and Pacinian corpuscles are deep in the skin. Feedback B: Incorrect. Meissner’s corpuscles are found in the hairless parts of the body. Free nerve endings are located near the surface of the skin. Feedback C: Incorrect. Pacinian corpuscles are deep in the skin. Meissner’s corpuscles are found in the hairless parts of the body. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Hard 86. Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is CORRECTLY matched with a function? a) Merkel’s discs – respond to vibrations and heavy pressure b) Ruffini’s end-organs – register light to moderate pressure c) Meissner’s corpuscles – transduces information about sensitive touch d) Pacinian corpuscles – register heavy pressure and movement of the joints Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. Merkel’s discs register light to moderate pressure. Pacinian corpuscles respond to vibrations and heavy pressure. Feedback B: Incorrect. Ruffini’s end-organs register heavy pressure and movement of the joints. Merkel’s discs register light to moderate pressure. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. Pacinian corpuscles respond to vibrations and heavy pressure. Ruffini’s end-organs register heavy pressure and movement of the joints. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium 87. The absolute threshold for touch is ________ correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated. a) negatively b) positively c) perfectly d) not Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect. The absolute threshold for touch is negatively, not positively, correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated. Threshold is inversely related to sensitivity. Feedback C: Incorrect. The absolute threshold for touch is negatively, but not perfectly, correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated. Threshold is inversely related to sensitivity. Feedback D: Incorrect. The absolute threshold for touch is negatively correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated. Threshold is inversely related to sensitivity. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Hard 88. Touch information is relayed from the thalamus to ________ cortex in the _______ lobe. a) motor; frontal b) motor; parietal c) somatosensory; frontal d) somatosensory; parietal Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. Touch information is relayed to somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe. Feedback B: Incorrect. Touch information is relayed to somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe. Feedback C: Incorrect. Touch information is relayed to somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Easy 89. Relative to the location of the stimulation, tactile information is processed on the ________side of the brain; that is, it is processed _______. a) opposite; ipsilaterally b) opposite; contralaterally c) same; ipsilaterally d) same; contralaterally Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect. Tactile information is processed contralaterally, rather than ipsilaterally. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect. Tactile information is processed contralaterally, on the opposite side of the brain. Feedback D: Incorrect. Tactile information is processed on the opposite side of the brain. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium 90. Ouch! A paper cut! You jerk your hand away from the sheet just as a tiny droplet of blood appears on your finger. The cut’s pain signal travels to your brain along the _______ axons of the _______ pain pathway a) unmyelinated; slow b) myelinated; slow c) unmyelinated; fast d) myelinated; fast Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. Signals from the sharp, localized pain of a paper cut travel along the myelinated fibers of the fast pain pathway. Feedback B: Incorrect. Signals from the sharp, localized pain of a paper cut travel along the fibers of the fast pain pathway. Feedback C: Incorrect. Signals from the sharp, localized pain of a paper cut travel along myelinated fibers. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium 91. The slower pain pathway uses ________ axons and communicates with the ______ in the brain. a) myelinated; amygdala b) myelinated; hypothalamus c) unmyelinated; amygdala d) unmyelinated; hypothalamus Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. The slower pain pathway uses unmyelinated rather than myelinated axons. Feedback B: Incorrect. The slower pain pathway uses unmyelinated rather than myelinated axons and communicates with the amygdala, not the hypothalamus. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. The slower pain pathway communicates with the amygdala, not the hypothalamus. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Hard 92. With respect to the development of the tactile senses, which of the following statements is TRUE? a) Although the tactile senses are highly developed at birth, there is still substantial development in these senses for many years following birth. b) The tactile senses are almost fully developed at birth; there is only minimal development in these senses following birth. c) Although the tactile senses are poorly developed at birth, the development of these senses is virtually complete by the age of 2. d) The tactile senses are poorly developed at birth. The development of these senses continues for many years following birth. Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect. While the tactile senses are well-developed at birth, their development continues for many years following birth. Feedback C: Incorrect. Not only are the tactile senses highly developed at birth, there is also substantial development in these senses for many years following birth. Feedback D: Incorrect. While their development continues for many years following birth, the tactile senses are nevertheless well-developed at birth. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium 93. Studies of cultural differences in tactile sensitivity have revealed that: a) Japanese people are less sensitive than Caucasians to painful stimuli, but not to non-painful stimuli. b) Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians to painful stimuli, but not to non-painful stimuli. c) Japanese people are less sensitive than Caucasians to both painful and non-painful stimuli d) Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians to both painful and non-painful stimuli. Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians to both painful stimuli and non-painful stimuli. Feedback B: Incorrect. Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians not only to painful stimuli, but also to non-painful stimuli. Feedback C: Incorrect. Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians to both painful stimuli and non-painful stimuli. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium 94. How does your text explain the fact that the pain threshold is lower among women than among men? Is this a bottom-up or a top-down account? a) Women are not encouraged to be stoic in the face of pain. This is a bottom-up account. b) Women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men. This is a bottom-up account. c) Women are not encouraged to be stoic in the face of pain. This is a top-down account. d) Women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men. This is a top-down account. Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect. According to your text, women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men. This is a bottom-up explanation. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect. According to your text, women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men. This is a bottom-up explanation. Feedback D: Incorrect. The fact that women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men is a bottom-up account of women’s lower pain threshold. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium 95. In an fMRI study, Dr. Marvin exposes participants to high heat. Participants rate how painful they find the heat. Which of the following hypotheses is most reasonable in light of your text’s discussion? a) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the thalamus. b) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the thalamus. c) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex. d) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex, not the thalamus. Feedback B: Incorrect. Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex, not negatively correlated with thalamic activity. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. Pain ratings should be positively, not negatively, correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Hard 96. How has the gate control theory of pain changed in recent years? a) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord. Recently, the theory has incorporated pain blocking mechanisms in the brain itself. b) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the brain. Recently, the theory has incorporated pain blocking mechanisms in the spinal cord. c) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord. Recently, the theory has rejected this mechanism of pain control. d) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the brain. Recently, the theory has rejected this mechanism of pain control. Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect. Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord. Recently, the theory has incorporated pain-blocking mechanisms in the brain itself. Feedback C: Incorrect. Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord. Recently, the theory has incorporated pain-blocking mechanisms in the brain itself. Feedback D: Incorrect. Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord. Recently, the theory has incorporated pain-blocking mechanisms in the brain itself. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium 97. In the United States, approximately 1 in ____ people suffers from chronic pain. a) 4 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10 Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect. In the United States, 1 in 6, not 1 in 4, people suffers from chronic pain. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect. In the United States, 1 in 6, not 1 in 8, people suffers from chronic pain. Feedback D: Incorrect. In the United States, 1 in 6, not 1 in 10, people suffers from chronic pain. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Easy 98. The pain-relieving chemicals naturally produced by the nervous system belong to a class of substances called _________; this class also includes _________. a) stimulants; cocaine and amphetamine b) depressants; alcohol and valium c) opiates; heroin and morphine d) opiates; alcohol and valium Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. The pain-relieving chemicals produced by the nervous system are called opiates, not stimulants. Opiates include heroin and morphine. Feedback B: Incorrect. The pain-relieving chemicals produced by the nervous system are called opiates, not depressants. Opiates include heroin and morphine. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. Opiates include heroin and morphine, not alcohol and valium. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Easy 99. Each of the following is mentioned in your text as a potential disadvantage of the use of opiate drugs to relieve pain EXCEPT: a) Such drugs are highly addictive. b) Such drugs become less effective with continued use. c) Such drugs may suppress breathing. d) Such drugs may prevent patients from detecting minor but potentially important sources of discomfort. Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. Opiates are highly addictive. Feedback B: Incorrect. Opiates become less effective with continued use. Feedback C: Incorrect. Opiates may suppress breathing. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium 101. Noah was born with the inability to detect pain. Opal lost the ability to detect pain through a medical condition blocking messages from her extremities. Noah suffers from ___________. Opal suffers from __________. a) neuropathy; neuropathy, too b) neuropathy; dysautonomia c) dysautonomia; dysautonomia, too d) dysautonomia; neuropathy Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. Noah was born with dysautonomia, not neuropathy. Feedback B: Incorrect. Noah was both with dysautonomia, not neuropathy. Opal suffers from neuropathy, not dysautonomia. Feedback C: Incorrect. Opal suffers from neuropathy, not dysautonomia. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium 102. Your text states that “when a body part is removed . . . somatosensory inputs from intact body parts expand to occupy those regions of the cortex.” Recall the processes of neural development described in Chapter 4. Which concepts are most clearly suggested by this passage? a) plasticity and neurogenesis b) plasticity and synaptogenesis c) plasticity and neuropathy d) neurogenesis and synaptogenesis Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect. The passage suggests the concepts of plasticity and synaptogenesis, not neurogenesis. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect. The passage suggests the concepts of plasticity and synaptogenesis. Neuropathy is not a process of neural development. Feedback D: Incorrect. The passage suggests the concepts of plasticity and synaptogenesis, not neurogenesis. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Hard 103. Phantom limb sensations reflect not only the reorganization of somatosensory cortex, but also patients’ memory for sensations thy actually experienced prior to the removal of the body part. The contribution of cortical reorganization to phantom limb sensations exemplifies a ________ influence. The contribution of memory exemplifies a __________. a) top-down; top-down influence also b) top-down; bottom-up influence c) bottom-up; bottom-up influence also d) bottom-up; top-down influence Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. The contribution of cortical reorganization to phantom limb sensations exemplifies a bottom-up, not a top-down, influence. Feedback B: Incorrect. The contribution of cortical reorganization to phantom limb sensations exemplifies a bottom-up, not a top-down, influence. The contribution of memory exemplifies a top-down, not a bottom-up, influence. Feedback C: Incorrect. The contribution of memory to phantom limb sensations exemplifies a top-down, not a bottom-up, influence. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty Level: Medium Humans have a very high concentration of ______ receptors on their hands. a) olfactory b) tactile c) gustatory d) auditory Ans: b Feedback A: Olfactory receptors collect information about smell not touch. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Gustatory receptors collect information about taste not touch. Feedback D: Auditory receptors collect information about hearing not touch. Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong. Difficulty: Medium 104. Which type of sensory information does the auditory system convert into neural impulses? a) Vibrations in the air b) Air temperature c) Chemicals in the air d) Air texture Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Tactile system Feedback C: Taste and smell systems Feedback D: Tactile system Section Ref: The Auditory Sense: Hearing Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear. Difficulty: Easy True/False 105. The frequency of a sound wave is measured in hertz. Ans: True Section Ref: The Auditory Sense: Hearing Learning Objective: Summarize what happens when we hear. Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 106. When we describe the “loudness” of a sound, we are referring to its __________.