UNIT- VACCINES I) Introduction -> A varcine is an antigenic preparations of micwargancim such as bacteria (α)νίτης de their products administered for prevention (a) treatment of infectious diseases A varies is a biological preparation that prorides immunity to a particular diseaн →Vaccines are prepared from microbial agents (or) then products ers Vacunes may be used for prevention (a) for treatment of disease. →Vacunes may be quien orally (a) through subcutaneous injection (through skin) or intramuscularly II) Types of Vaccines! 1. Homologous Varunes. These vaccums are pupand from one microbe and they are wed against the same miccabe 2. Heterologous Vaccines: These vacióes are prepared from one miciobe and are used against the infection of a diffrent micia be 3. Cellular Vaccines: These vacanes are prepared from whole microbes 4. Sub-cellulas Vacunes. There are prepared. from toxins and chemicals produced from microbes (a) from proteins cal polysacchande of microbes 5. Attenuated Vaccines. These are live Vaccines and prepared from live microbu by reducing the virulence con pathogenic nature of miciobe Inactivated vaccines: These vacunes are prepared from killed microbes. 1. Toxoid Vaccines: These varcines are prepand from bactenal Joxers 5. Recombinant Vaccines. These vaccines au prepared by recombinant technology 3 9 Mixed con) Combined Vacure! If mou than one microbe is used to que pore Vacure, it is known as mixed Vaccine 10 Autogenous Vaccines: If the microbes und in the vaccine are obtained from patient, the vaccine is known as autogenous Vaccines 14. Freeze-Dried Vaccine: There au solid Varunes than liquid Vaccines 12. Antiviral & Antibacterial Vacanis & The Vaccines which are und to inactivate Visal and bacterial infations III) Common Vaccines:- 1. Anthrax Vacurie:- This vaccine is given for anthrax disease. It is a live and anthrax bacilli is attenuated. BCG Vaccine (Bacilli (almette Guerin): This vaccine is given for tuberculosis and is a live Vacune prepand from mycobail cuvin bovis 9. Tetanus Toxoid & Diptheria Toxoid: The doxine of tetamus bacteria and dipthena bateria were isolated and a vacuine is prepand from them 10. Triple Vaccine - It is a mixed vaccin containing depthena toxoid, tetanus toxoid and pertusis vaccine It is given in 3 doses of 05 ml each at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks upto 24 mont Development of Vacures: →The varcenes may be prepared from pol (ou) peptides (0) DNA (od polysacchaudes co baitaia (a) Viruses alSynthesis: The micadorganisia selected for vacure can be grown is embryonale eggs (a) human cells (a) is fermentats E by recombinant DNA technology b) Isolation: The antigen (a) microorgan is isolated from the cultured cells c) Purifications The Molated anligin purified by filliation col chinmatograf d) Processing: The Vaccine is attenuated 6 (a) Killd e) Capacitation: The emincune response of the vaccine is increand by the addition of adjuvant (The agent which inceans the efficicmy of microbe من the Vaccine) #Stabilisation. The storage life of the Vacure is increased by adding stabilias 9) Preservation: The Vaccines are preseved in oldu to avoid contamination from other sources I) Immune Response in the body afte administration of Vaccines. The Vaccine contains a very small doce of pathogen ↓ The Vaccine is Injected into the last ↓ The morg from the vaccine, once it enters into the body, either it calers into the cells bi) it enters into space blew cell When it entes into the cell cell mediatel Immune response occus and when it enterr between the spores, humor al medialed response occcus 1. Cell Mediated Immune Response 1. In the call the antigen (protein) in broken down into peptide fragments. The peptide fragments enter into endoplasm reticulum ↓ In the endoplasmic reticulum, the peplicde fragments binds to class I MHC moleculey to farm clars I MHC peptide complex ↓ This complex is moved to Golgi apparatis ↓ The golgi apparatus depesn't the class I MHe peplide complex on the surface of the ↓ This complex activates To cells し Te cells bring about call mediated Immunity ↓ The Te cells diffuntiate to boun seretired "Te cells and memory cells Sensitised Te cells kill the antigen ca) pathogen by cylolysis ) by release of cytotoxic substances to the micworganin When the same pathogen enters into the body for the second time, then memory Talls remember the antigen && destroy it 2. Humaral Immune Response.. The pathogen (a1) antigen when it enters in beliveen the cells then maciophagu dendritic cells and B calls get activaled They swallow the antigen by phagocytosi The antigen is enclosed in a sturture called cauly endosome. Early endosome is suraunded by one more structur called late endosome The endosome fuses with the lysosome of phagocyte calls The lysosom releaser som hydralytes enzyme which break the protein antigens ento peptide fragments ↓ These peptide fragments move to the endoplasmic reticulum and interact with clars II MHC molecule and frem clar I MHC peptide complex ↓ This complex mover to the golgi apparatu and it activates Treelpher cells ↓ Trelphers ulls activate 6 cells B cells produce plasma & Memary calls Produce ↓ They attauk the pathogen Antibodi's They recognise the ↓ anligin and destr is for the second time II) Attenuated Varung! • The Vaccine produced by reducing the Vilulence and harmful effects of a pathog a micorganium is known as allemuatk It is a live Vacune →Measles vaccine, mumps Vaccares Rubella Vaccine, BCG Varie are attenuated Vacunes > Attenuated Vaccines are prepand by mutating the pathogen (a) marg Mutation- Sudden change in the genome of an organism is known as mutation BCG Vaccine is attenuated by growing the pathogen Mywbactawing brown's in bile (Salt solution) for 13 years → Booster doses are not requuid is this vaccine (Repeated doses) This Vacure produces both cell medialad and humoral mediated Immune responte The pathogen may revert to its normal Killed or Inactivated Vacures! →There Vaccines contain View (a) baituia which are killed by heat a formaldehyde Polio Inhuma, Tuchard Perturin Vaccines are the example of the Vaceknis →Booster doses are required in this Varcere →The DNA cannot replicate VIII) Recombinant Antigen Vacunes :- →The Nacanes prepand from proteins theough genetic engineewig is called recombinant antigen Vaccine → There are obtaining by cloning DINA (DNA from one arg is injected into other ag and multiplies copies of DNA au produced) →The flest recombinant antigen Vacum prepand for men is Hepatitis B. Vacun →This Vaccine contains a viral envelope protein known as Hepatitis B sunfar antigen The gene for Hepatitis B Virus is isolated from Hepatitis B views The gene is inverted into yeast cill The yeast calls are cultured in large fumentors Hepatitis B surface antigens accumulation in yeast cells ↓ The yeast cells are disrupted ca)/// broken down by high pressur The Hepatitis B surface antigen released fragment cells It is purified and used as -A come a Vaccini of 3 Vaccine ingutions. all given to the new born. The fiest dose is given at the time of birth, the second dose is given in and months and the 3rd dose is guien in 6th month, 1Ⅳ) Synthetic, Peptide Vaccine: Peptide Vaccine consist of a short segment & polypeptide chain of the Pathogen as the antigen The polypepti de chain has 130 to 150 ax Then Vacunes produce humoral immune response →Synthetic peptide Vaccine are given for Pancreatic cancer, malaria, Influenza and Diptheria Multivalent Vacunes: →There are also known as polyvalent Vaccines →This Vaccine has antigens ágamit two (a) more pathogens It contains a mixture of antigens in One Vacune →This Vaccine gives protection against many diseases →A multivalent Vaccine is pupand by using a saled matrin Antibodies are attached to the solid mateix f They are mioxid with antigens They antigens bind to antibodies The complex farmed is known as 14 solid matrise antigen antibody complee し This complex is used as a Vacure XDNA Vaccinis: →A Vaccine containing DNA preparations is known as DNA Vacuri It is also called recombinant DNA Vaccines as most of DNA vaccinis que prepand from recombinant DNA. →DNA Vaccine is constructed by Genetic Engineering Bacterial plasmid are isolated Plasmid-Extra cheomosomal DNA present along wilt normal chomaomal DNA DNA's of pathogen are inrated into plasmid The plasmid is introduced into bartar ↓ The bacteria an cultured cow grown to form multiple copus ↓ The plasmeds are undated, purified and made into DNA Vaccine The DNA vaccine is injicted into the hot It enters the host cells The DNA of the pathogen produces MRNA The mRNA produces protes The pestein is broken down to peptide fragments ↓ Some procedure as cell mediated and (humoral mediated immine ses pory 811) Importance of Vaccines! 1. Varane pume the body to attack a pathogen 2. The body develops immunity 3. Infectious discains are prevented.