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Lignin biosynthesis of Biosynthesis 1) 2) transport ↳ 3) monomers of Remains to site of synthesis monomers poorly characterized Polymerization Plant Responses to Why pathogens don't all cutulysis Plants interact with biotic stress pests and may defend natural resistance glycosylated involve hypothesized two : may , cause : intermediates Luccases wide disease of range and Peroxidases. and organisms damage : many source of biotic stress. plants ? all plant Plant defenses Pest and To pathogens · have , prevent initial circumvent attack and induced defences recognize pest and pathogens mechanism pre-formed Can be to and Induced vs defense Innute · pre-existing defences overcome healthy plants remain Performed · must Gene for gene PAMP/HAMP or resistance : triggered form of induced resistance special . Preformed defences · Accumulation of specific secondary metabolites to Prior attack notoxic bitter compound (antifeedants antimicrobial ↳ ↳ compound (phytounficipins) Structural barrier Cell wall modifiers ↳ ↳ ↳ with Surface Specialized Couting (lignin , suberin) (Cutin) cell/structures Cresin ducts biological activities and physical barriers that facilitate protection against pathogens and herdivours. Defences Plant Performed Mevalonate-derived rishitin · preformed · · untimicrobial Suponine act can Solanaceae in compound before infection . defence system innute Suponin Phytoanticipins : . phytoanticipins as immediate protection without induction. Physical burriers Cutin · ↳ is ↳ mid-chain hydroxylated forms Cutin Cuticular Suberized waxes Tissue Root : fatty in acids · · , > - prevents water loss hydroxylated fatty shaped depends , that topography , barrier for puthogens acids. on chemical composition . be hostile to microbes . can plant epidermis Casparian strip ↳ Bark and and tuber und Aliphatic endodermis peridemis Polymers in Poly (phendic domain · acids Crystal waxes : ↳ Phenolic fatty Waxes Creates surface ↳ fattyacid protective layer continuous a epicaticular ↳ epoxy hydroxy mid-chan , embedded ↳ and a w-dioic acds ↳ ↳ chain acid w-hydroxy wall of leaf. outer in , long futty ↳ · Polyester embedded a cell. same poly Caliphatic) domain lignin) medium monolignols (as for hydroxycinnumic hydroxy cinnumoyl acid amides · and long Chain W-OH-fatty associated chain long futty acid 1-alkanos (C20-28) acids waxes : and a, w-dioic acids ULCFA , -allands , , alkanes. typically 18 / : PAMP-triggered the Detecting PAMP Defenses presence predominantly : ↳ of pathogens potential cell wall and after performed defenses fungi surface components of and are breached bacteria Carbohydrates Peptides Glycoproper , , Gene-for-Gene resistance Plants contain several resistance Pathogens · · · contain But only Plant puthogen How formation · when ↳ cell (R1 , R2 , Regene product Creceptor) the right combination in R3) avirulence (AVR) gene corresponding between Internation gene and AVR gene product (effector) leads to recognition and an effective resistance response. MAMP PAMP . Interaction do pathogenyet plant inside of huustoria : Biotrophos breached wall but , not tissue ? and plusmu Biotrophic phase of heterotropic growth membrane. PAMp/MAMP-Effector Triggered 1) Hypersensitive response 2) ROS formation - Defense 3) No response 4) reinforcement Cell wall ↳ ↳ 5) Protein Rupid crosslinking or , require Pathogenesis-related 6) Induced cullose , ligin , suberin induced metabolism protein biosynthesis · Associated · with secondary metabolism (Phytoulexins characterized Rypid · · · gene-for-gene NADPH resistance response (effector by , local death cell Accumulation of Accumulation of reactive phytoclexins . oxygen and is detected ↓ Localized Hypersensitive Response · Once oxidases activate ↓ triggered Activated RBOH trunster electron from NADPH to O2 < Superoxide . union (O2] ↓ species Convert it to HzOz or Hydroxyl radical Localized · cell reinforcement wall Lignin deposition Cullose · · deposition suberin Similar deposition form dityrosine to processes linkage between two proteins · Pathogenesis-related initially described proteins as pathogen response Groups of protein only expressed in Includes proteins with both neral (broad How do defences ? · innate overcome of anti-fungal Avenuains accumulate in Cuticle degradation ↳ Cellulase ↳ Pectinase ↳ Cellobiose spectrum) and specific targets . roots Rendered less toxic through partial deyly cosylation barrier Cutinuse : hydrolase Suppression of PAMP Produce glycosidase a to biotic stress compounds Enzymatic Degradation of pre-formed ↳ · pathogens Deoxidification ↳ · response attack triggered to defense completely or partially degrade sugar side chain .