University:
University of North Carolina Wilmington
Course:
PSY 105 | General Psychology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

24

Pages:

2
Author:

Jithin J I

CHAPTER 3: LEARNING AND MEMORY IN SPORTS Topic 3.2: Types of Learning in Sports Subtopic 3.2.1: Associative Learning and Instrumental Learning 3.2.1.2: The Mechanics of Instrumental Learning (Operant Conditioning)  Understanding Instrumental Learning   Thorndike's Law of Effect   Behavior followed by punishment (e.g., electric current) decreases the likelihood of that behavior in the future. Negative Reinforcement   Positive reinforcement occurs when behavior is rewarded with a positive stimulus, leading to increased occurrence of that behavior (e.g., lever presses rewarded with food). Punishment   B.F. Skinner introduced a paradigm shift by associating animal behavior with rewards (positive stimulus) or punishments (negative stimulus) in the Skinner box. Positive Reinforcement   Thorndike observed cats learning to escape from a cage through trial and error, reinforcing S-R connections with food rewards. B.F. Skinner's Skinner Box   According to the "law of effect," S-R (Stimulus-Response) connections are strengthened when accompanied by positive consequences. Thorndike's Cat Experiments   Instrumental learning, also known as operant conditioning, builds upon Thorndike's associative learning concept. Removing a negative stimulus through behavior (e.g., switching off electric current) increases the probability of that behavior. Instrumental Learning  Learning in instrumental conditioning involves acquiring knowledge about which operant behaviors result in desired or undesired consequences in the environment. 3.2.1.3: Learning Action-Effect Relations  Expanding on Thorndike and Skinner's Ideas   Primary Formation of Action-Effect Associations   In team handball, for instance, the counterattack can be initiated swiftly after a successful goalkeeper save (triggering stimulus) to score a goal (anticipated effect) when the behavioral routine has been learned in training. Ideomotor Approaches   Secondary learning links A-E connections with situational conditions under which actions are successful. Application in Sports   The strength of association between voluntary actions (Avolunt) and anticipated effects (Eant) determines behavior selection in a given situation (S) to achieve intended events in the environment (Ereal). Secondary Contextualization of Action-Effect Associations   Joachim Hoffmann introduced the "anticipatory behavioral control (ABC)" framework, suggesting that learning relies on complex action-effect associations. These approaches explain human behavior by selecting complex actions based on intended goal states, emphasizing the importance of action-effect relations. Anticipative Behavioral Control  Hoffmann's anticipative behavioral control framework is linked to flow experiences in sports.