Unit 3 Textbook Chapter 6 Part 4

Unit 3 Textbook Chapter 6 Part 4 Constructive Processing: retrieval memories are altered/influenced by newer info Hindsight Bias: falsely believe through old memory revisions to include new info, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event ● “knew it all along” when trying to predict who will win a game Misinformation Effect: misleading info after an event alters memories of event itself ● Altering own memory that already experienced ● Written or visual info can lend to different memories ○ Accuracy dropped with conflicting with conflicting info even if know the answer from what saw before (yield and stop sign) False Memory Syndrome: creation of inaccurate/false memories through suggestion of others (hypnosis, gaslighting) Creating a memory that has to be plausible ● Pezdek and Hodge study: children read childhood events and whether they were plausible. Plausible events were more likely to remember Ebbingbaus’s Curve of Forgetting: graph with distinct pattern; forgetting is very fast in st 1 hour after learning a list and tapers off gradually ● 100% recall at end of clas, after 20 minutes she will forget 40% of what learned Distributed Practice: spacing study material to be remembered with breaks ● Produces better info retrieval than massed practice Encoding Failure: failure to process info into memory ● Forgetting conversation when not paying attention ● Seeing stop sign every day but not closely looking for LTM Memory Trace: physical change in brain when memory is formed (neuron) ● Decay/Disuse: loss of memory due to time or not used eventually over time Proactive Interference: older people memory problem that interferes with learning/retrieval of new info (OLD conflicts with the NEW) ● Ex. Taking a Spanish and French exam back-to-back: Studying French material first can interfere with learning new Spanish info ● Ex. When asked for number, remembers old number instead of new number Retroactive Interference: memory problem when newer info interferes with retrieval of older info (NEW conflicts with the OLD) ● Ex. Difficulty remembering old passwords due to new passwords interfering Nondeclarative Memories: stored in cerebellum ● PET scan shows that STM stored in prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe ○ Semantic and episodic LTM are stored in same place but different location ○ Episodic Retrieval: posterior parietal cortex ○ Episodic Retrieval and Encoding: posterior cingulate cortex ■ Damage in people with Alzheimer’s Disease ● Memories related to fear are stored in the amygdala ● Sensory info temporarily stored in thalamus for processing before going to higher cortical areas of the brain Long-Term Potentiation: memory changes receptor sites and synapses through repeated stimulation and changes in dendrites and the proteins within neurons ● Consolidation: changes in the structure/function of neurons with new memories which can differ in time length depending on what learning (name vs language) Declarative Memories: formed in Hippocampus ● Study: H.M. had epileptic seizures so his hippocampi and medial temporal lobe was removed which impaired his formation of declarative somatic and episodic memories. He was unable to remember new events/facts so he couldn’t consolidate. His nondeclarative memory was still intact (ex-anterograde amnesia) Retrograde Amnesia: loss of memory from trauma, injury, or loss of memory backward ● ● ● ● Disconnected hippocampus “without memory” (BEFORE) The conslidation gets disrupted and loses everything that was not finished Ex. Computer doesn’t save most recent work, so it disappears if crash ECT (for depression): can result in this loss of memory due to the electroshocks Anterograde Amnesia: loss of memories from the point of injury forward (AFTER) ● Ex. Struck by lightning but can’t remember the 2 months following ● Dementia, neurocognitive disorder, decline in cognitive functioning ● Ex. Hard drive gets defective so can’t add anything else to it but can read previous Alzheimer’s Disease: starts with anterograde amnesia, then forget everyday tasks, then retrograde amnesia ● More physical brain aging of beta-amyloid protein deposits (plaques) and strands of protein tau to become twisted “tangles” and acetylcholine neurotransmitter for new memories in the hippocampus begin to break down Infantile Amnesia: inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3 ● These memories are implicit so hard to bring to consciousness as explicit memory doesn’t develop until after 2 when hippocampus is full developed and language Katherine Nelson Autobiographical Memory: memory for events/facts relate to one’s personal life as children develop when able to talk about shared memories with adults