Personality Disorder

Personality Disorder: person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive behavior pattern that interferes with normal social interactions ●​ DSM-5: 10 types across 3 categories ○​ Cluster A: Odd/eccetric by others (paranoid, schizo) ○​ Cluster B: Very dramatic, emotional, erratic (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic) ○​ Cluster C: Main emotion of anxiety or fearfullness (avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive) Paranoid Personality Disorder: person exhibits pervasive and widespread distrust and suspiciousness of others ●​ Males suspicious, interprets motives as others as hidden agenda/ill intent, believe everyone is out to get them Antisocial personality Disorder (ASPD): person uses other people without worrying about their rights or feelings and behaves in an impulsive/reckless manner without regard for consequences ●​ "against society" habitually break laws/rules, irritable/aggressive, irresponsible, indifferent to rationalize hurting others, manipulative ●​ More in males than females ●​ Emotionally unresponsive to stressful/threatening situations, so not afriad of getting caught -> lower stress hormones ●​ Disturbances in family relationships, childhood abuse, overly strict parenting Borderline Personality Disorder (BLPD): maladaptive personality pattern, moody, unstable, lacks clear identitiy, clings to others but is self-destructive, chronic loneliness, and disruptive anger in close relationships ●​ Excessive spending, drug use, sucide ●​ 3x More in women than men Dependent Personality Disorder: clingy, submissive, fearful of separation, requires constant reassurance, feels helpless when alone, and has others assume responsibility for most areas of life due to little faith to do things themselves Personality Disorder Causes: Cognitive-Behavioral: belief systems formed by being unable to cope ny oneself vs specific behavior is learned through reinforcement, shaping, modeling Biological: genetic factors based on biological relatives of people with disorders ●​ Adopted children with antisocial personality disorder parents had an increased risk even if were raised in different environment and people (nurture) Schizophrenia: severe disorder of disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, inability to distinguish fantasy vs reality ●​ Psychotic: individual's inability to separate what is fantasy vs reality and disturbances in thinling, emotions, behavior, perception ●​ Delusions: false/fixed/unshakable beliefs who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness that others are trying to hurt them ○​ Delusions of Reference: other people, TV characters, books are specifically talking to them ○​ Delusions of Influence: they are being controlled by external forces (devil, aliens, cosmic force) ○​ Delusions of Grandeur (Grandiose Delusions): they are powerful people who can save the world or have a special mission ○​ Persecution: others are targeting them ●​ Sleep disturbance, make up words, repeat words persistantly, clanging words together like string "come into house, louse, mouse, mouse and cheese", sudden interrruptions in speech/thought, illogical fashion of speech word salad, lack of attention, screening outinfo they don't need ●​ Hallucinations: false sensory perceptions (hearing voices) that don't really exist (touch, smell, taste), emotional disturbances ○​ Flat Affect: a lack of emotional responsiveness or excessive or inapproative ○​ Catatonia: disturbed behavior ranging from statue-like inability to move/respond to outside world to frantic movement and talking (2 extremes) ●​ Positive Symptoms: excesses of behavior in addition to normal behavior (hallucinations, delusions, distorted thinking) ●​ Negative Symptoms: less than normal behavior or an absense of normal (poor attention, flat affect, poor speech production) ○​ At least 2 of more symptoms must occur frequently for at least 1 month to diagnose schizo for both pos and neg Causes of Schizo Biological: genetic orgins, prenatal influences (viral infections during pregnancy), brain inflammation, chemical (dopamine, GABA, glutamate, other neurotransmitters), brain structural defects (fronal lobe, neuron deterioration, white matter integrity reduction) ●​ Amphetamine increases dopamine in brain, which caused schizo symptoms ○​ Drugs for schizo decrease dopamine, minimizing pos symptoms ●​ Prefrontal cortex in schizo produces lower levels of dopamine -> attention deficits, poor thought organization, and neg symptoms ●​ Family, twin, and adoption studies: genes transmit schizo ○​ Highest: blood relative with schizo faced with monozygotic identical twins that share 100% genetics have 50% risk and dizygotic twins have 17% (same if have 1 parent with schizo) ○​ As genetic relatedness decreases, risk decreases ○​ Adoption with schizo had biological reatlvies with schizo ○​ Strong genetic risk with gene for synaptic pruning during development (too many connections between neurons -> causes thousands of genetic variants that contribute to diagnosis) Stress-Vulnerability Model: a biological sensitivity/vulnerability to a certain disorder that results in that disorder's development under the right conditions of environmental/emotional stress ●​ Genetic "markers" to have physical vulnerability to that disorder but not develop unless exposed to environment/emotional stress at critcal times of development ○​ 1 twin may develop the disorder when both carry the genetic markers for schizo ●​ Brain's immune system secretes high imflammation-fighting substane, which indicates a possible infection ●​ Less myelin coating on neuron axons of the white matter tract called tthe cingulum bundle (CB) which links to the limbic system and another that links frontal to temporal lobe -> makes less efficient in sending neural messages to other cells -> decreased memory and decision-making