The Cell (Basic Chemistry)

THE CELL /BASIC CHEMISTRY THE CELL /BASIC CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ↳ ↳ ) many artificially John atom Dalton to atoms consist = life number each of of of atoms are sum = body life C , H , , atomic N 0 , of mass stands for protons protons and atom atomic = name in . (one mass=aug , . g . density , simpler substances , solubility melting point ..... elements essential to uniqueness of cells/organisms zn elements are or displays two composed of particles properties called atoms of that element letters + , , , electrons more around it in electron shells same be electrically = = mass neutral -I same number of protons/elections number atomic number , but number isotopes mass of all isotopes of atom to determine number of neutrons from > plasma atomic number has same . , protons ( ) neutrons electrons (-) : nucleus neutrons vary gas P, S theory = element have assumed to of neutrons can - , organisms Mg of subatomic particles same , - k Ca , Fe , = protons and neutrons atoms liquid building blocks of matter bother relevant by physicists (not biologically developed symbol solid , substance that can't be broken down into is smallest part of element that still atomic all 95 % of mass elements = basic to important > , constructed up - has : specific unique properties (e has elements also ↳ elements naturally occurring make states , each element six up space and different forms four distinct composed of 92 that takes anything matter= atomic mass subtract protons from atomic mass , take closest whole number RADIOACTIVE some ↳ isotopes releases Marie Curie biologists radioactive = in form of rays -p e . Carbon-14 g. and subatomic decays nitrogen-14 to particles radioactivity coined term radiation to date objects , images create , trace movement of body substances in 4) unstable are energy use radioactive ISOTOPES chemically isotopes behave the same small amount of radioactive isotope detect molecular changes used - can in be as stable placed isotopes of element in sample as tracer to imaging medical activity of tissues position emission tomography (PET) ↳ radioactively labeled glucose is injected (emits position particle) ↳ radiation given off can be detected by sensors and analyzed by computers that shows which tisshes have taken in produce color glucose-those image comparative to determine = - = metabolically areas are ↳ PET scans of brain used to evaluate radioactive substances ↳ high > can also Bohr model ↳ so them any are . = harm cells cancer , , cause etc. cancer cells products mail and Corbitals) around electrons attract away = electrons medical . U S DNA kill used to sterilize seizure disorders , tumors change individual electron at electron shells negatively charged push to , packages ENERGY AND precise location of in used be also used to sterilize also nowadays ELECTRONS be memory in environment can levels of radiation can radiation - active the in further particular any given away energy represent nucleus positively charged time cannot their a takes nucleus shall , the more energy levels in relation to nucleus be determined arg energy . energy to levels electrons ↳ process of in > - jump to atom ↳ -" and transformed to chemical released atoms in ↳> only important electrons to molecule ↳ = two determines = formula = electrons valence shell- octet rule noble gases , chemical reactions undergo after reaction stable outer shell Whether atom inert chemically up accepts gives , , or shares COMPOUNDS molecule (often both properties eight of same type smallest part of compound that retains compound energy with two one = to relaxed state , of atom's chemical how electrons octet want to achieve more atoms or eight electrons determining electrons acquire MOLECULES AND in many most stable with valence eight have number of valence it is , most stable , don't have atoms that determines - shell one one VIII group electrons valence = has more than When sun : outermost shell-valence shell when levels electron photosynthesis atoms absorb energy of higher energy level When electrons go back is energy between move can containing used terms at bond together its chemical least two properties atoms of different elements interchangeably indicates number of each o ne kind of atom in moucule molecule CGH12 0 . bonds between energy IONIC Na when organisms are dependent on contain indicates 12 atoms indicates 6 atoms of carbon of hydrogen of oxygen chemical-bond energy maintain to functions BONDING only valence ↳ -> atoms and electrons indicates G atoms has valence one shell ; CI has - 7 valence tends to lose it in reactions then second shell , e--o tends to C bond-electron Na and causes charge ionic compounds ↳) results in from Na is transferred imbalance in held NaCl accept electron together by both atoms - to C = Nat and CT to acquire both = (with Jet becomes stable outer shell acquire stable outer shall ions attraction between positive and negative charge-ionic bond COVALENT BONDING when two atoms share e-so that both if hydrogen not ↳ e . is in presence of it can share . g two more than atoms can share ↳ covalent bond double Triple ↳ Covalent bond When I shared are atom sometimes one 0 = : one 0 equally can g. ↳ in molecule also influences O is more partially negative of He triple bonds are stronger stronger > - covalent bond is nonpolar than the other , the atom that attracts bond is polar covalent Whether bond is polarity electronegative single polar or not cancel out can water polarity - atoms stronger not shared equally or than double , double between attract I to become HT, both achieve stable outer shell than stronger electronegativity symmetry = NEN are . Ze for H) stable outer shell (02 a when ↳ up electron pair of electrons has shape of gives (structural formula) H-I more e it overlap atoms can share-shells representation Common acceptor strong I another atom to achieve with hydrogen ↳ e , covalent bond = if (Be stable outer shell acquire morecules atoms indicated than by S H , it is also nonsymmetrical of partially positive by , , so it is polar affects their interactions with other molecules CHEMISTRY OF WATER shape of ↳ hydrogen atom # atoms ↳ water and its bond caused close polar characteristics result in formation of by attraction of partially positive It and hydrogen bonds partially negative by in one weaker than water molecule ionic or are attracted to 0 covalent bonds , atoms very easily in other water molecules broken water hydrogen bonding not unique have covalent bonds Other . g biological molecules like DNA H and positive usually partially negative 0 N hydrogen bonds can be formed between nearby molecules to ↳ e a or bonds single hydrogen help ↳ together DNA easily so that DNA maintain help together within can same one get strong quite maintain structure and function between cellular molecules to hold ↳ weak , but multiple bonds very partially or = ↳ with . PROPERTIES OF strands gets copied , hydrogen bonds break protein molecules of WATER living organisms first cells evolved in water , all hydrogen bonding DNA When unzip can shape -> makes water moucules stick are made up of 10-90 % together gives = water water its unique properties hydrogen bonding ↳ Without has water of amount hydrogen ↳ = ↳ heat high capacity needed to raise energy a bonds in water water also water maintains and water help holds on to its temperature also protects a converting 1g hydrogen high heat of of hottest first before water boils ° at -100 C temperature of 19 along heat without stable is coast gas high important for relatively by changing 1C temp slowly = al . calorie significantly than other organisms temperatures from sudden evaporation water to and boil at of water heat , temperature falls more internal bonds contribute to freeze : it absorb being relatively keeps temperatures has water would changes stable : needs heat 540 calories of vaporization of - energy need to be broken liquids water is a solvent : good at facilitating chemical reactions especially good at dissolving polar substances because of its water is ↳ contain dissolved substances called solutes solutions Nat Ce ionic salts when positive ends , polarity . g . are NaCl) in water put are attracted to C- -p negative : causes ends ions to of H20 are attracted to separate (dissociate) in water - water molecules cohesion apparent adhesion= ↳ e . ↳ . g flow when water at water > - liquid down water cools most dense at ° 4 C , temperature below rigid because When but also more ice floats body water below of on liquid water moucules but molecules get water , bodies freezing = bonds don't separate due to polarity transport of nutrients (wastes blood is 90 % water plants where exposed to air : closer still together moving movement-phydrogen vibrational only freezes with liquid portion of water in hydrogen polar surfaces other helps open-water freezes water from = 4C due to but H20 molecules , cling together H20 molecules less dense than is freely ding to water , adhesion/cohesion help transport frozen ↳ system cohesion and adhesion = ding together H20 molecules to of : 4 other moucules . max because water can ability surface tension ↳ with in cardiovascular due to and adhesive of He0 molecules to ability form bonds ↳ can ↳ is = cohesive are and expands at bonds more O'C of water freeze from top to bottom on allows surface aquatic ice acts as insulator and prevents animals to survive winter ACIDS AND BASES when water hydroxide PH ↳ ranges from ↳ > 7 acidic 7 basic HP release OH When or dissociating in water-bases 7 or (less [H 7 than [OH-1) + pH scale is lox more acidic/basic than previous unit DEPOSITION ACID OF pH of normal water-acids in (more [H ] than [OH-]) IMPACT THE , dissociating (Ht) and ions + unit on each 14 when hydrogen alkalinity of a solution neutral (HT and OH concentrations being equal being acidity O to of how much it dissociates on that either take up indicates amounts OH- + (protons) of substance depends scale ↳ HeO -HT that release HT substances equal releases -- (OH-S ions substances acidity ionizes is rainwater 5 . 6 (CO2 in air combines with water = weak solution of carbonic acid) acid deposition includes fall to Earth from fossil fuels When burned are ↳ affects rain aluminum plants ↳ when forests ↳ plants on forests ↳ kill soil - acidic dry particles that be carried can methyl mercury under stress are also fungi tops get damaged = oxides combine With nitrogen hundreds of miles away by H20 , wind biological systems aspects of Gcid damaged by mountain are <5 (and sulfur dioxide and leach from soil of lakes sediments to toxic leaves in : nitric acids many can (snow with pH atmosphere) produce sulfuric and acid rain can convert o accumulates - rain more more - can no in fish longer carry susceptible rain than lower to out photosynthesis disease/pests levels = more when toxic chemicals like aluminum that assist roots in in lake bottom mercury nutrient collection affected are by acid rain leched out of soil BUFFERS AND PH buffer-chemical (or ↳ ↳ pH in take blood When living organisms up always H When combination of excess H contains + or chemicals) that keeps pH has maintained within narrow within normal limits range OH- combination of some carbonic acid and some bicarbonate ions added to blood , OH added to blood , acidity is reduced is alkalinity reduced as as follows follows : : H* + HCO3 OH + HzCO3 > HzCOs - HCO3 - + He0