Exploring Biodiversity

SBI3U Grade 11 Biology Biodiversity Review Questions Biodiversity Questions 1) Define biodiversity and describe the three types of biodiversity studied by biologists. 1. Genetics Diversity: variety in heritable characteristics in a breeding population. IOW: variety in different traits in a species 2. Species Diversity: the variety of species in the world 3. Ecosystem Diversity: variety in the ecosystems of the biosphere (climate, vegetation, geography etc.) 2) Explain the benefits of biodiversity hotspots. Biodiversity hotspots are beneficial because they supply an abundant amount of species diversity in one area. That area can hardly be wiped out because they are protected by their own diversity and genetics range. 3) Indicate the importance of biodiversity to maintaining a viable ecosystem. The more biodiversity a place is, the more chances are there for species to survive. If one food source is being interrupted, having a wide biodiversity in that area will allow higher animals to survive through a different food chain route. 4) Indicate the importance of biodiversity and the impact that it has on the environment, other organisms, and humans Biodiversity is a key link in the human food chain which will link to all other organisms. If this diversity was interrupted in some way, the chain will be broken and food supply will be obstructed, if not permanently damaged in the longer run. If the food supply for animals themselves are damaged, humans will also be affected in some way too. 5) Describe the importance of classification of organisms. It’s important to classify organisms because it allows us to discover connections between them, their similarities, and to learn more about them through sorting them through many different methods and sorting categories. 6) Explain how Carolus Linneaus contributed to the system of Taxa that we use today. Describe his naming system. Carolus Linneaus created a taxa system of 7 random categories from which he was able to sort different organisms of similar traits and characteristics into. This taxa system allowed us to sort and trickle down the taxas to find the exact “address” of the animals that we are looking at. His naming system, the binomial nomenclature, is a two part naming system, consisting of the Genus name in italics and capital first letter, followed by the species name in lower case also in italics if on the computer; underlined if by hand. 7) List the eight taxa in order from most diverse classification to the least diverse. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species 8) Compare the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotes do not have nucleus, no cytoplasm, much smaller, no cellular membrane, call wall usually present and very complex, binary fission division, no meiosis, goes through conjugation, and circular arrangement of DNA. Eukaryotes are larger cells with cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membranes, is able to stream cytoplasm, has linear chromosomes on hindles, mitosis division, and meiosis sexual reproduction. 9) Explain the use of a dichotomous key and be able to create one given a group of organisms. Determine the name of an organism using a dichotomous key in list form. A dichotomous key is a dual choice listing system that compares 2 characteristics at once, then depending on characteristics shown, will redirect the user to the next appropriate dual comparison. 10) Identify the three domains and explain when and how they became included as one of the taxa. Archaea: originally put with the eubacteria but was noticed that it was able to survive in very harsh conditions and has separate features so they were taken off. Eubacteria: consists of all bacteria that are eukaryotes and are living. Eukarya: consists of all multicellular, eukaryotes living organisms. Included in the beginning. 11) Describe each domain and list the characteristics for each Archaea: bacteria that’s prokaryotic but very eukaryote like that likes to live in very extreme conditions with unique rRNA (single strand nucleic acids in ribosomes. Eubacteria: bacteria that’s multicellular or unicellular that are a prokaryotic cell, which aren’t restricted to where they live. Also with unique rRNA. Eukarya: organisms with eukaryotic cells and are often multicellular. 12) List the characteristics of the kingdom archaebacteria, Describe the three main types of organisms that can be found in this kingdom. Archaebacteria: the main kingdom of archaea family. They are bacteria that live in extreme conditions. They’re all prokaryotic, they’re unicellular, have membranes and cells that are chemically unique, obtain nutrients from absorption, and reproduce sexually. They’re also anaerobes that can live without water. 13) List the characteristics if Eubacteria Prokaryotic cells, unicellular, cell membranes and similar to eukaryotic cells, lives on land, water, and everywhere, ingests nutrients, some through photosynthesis, and asexual reproduction. Also some are anaerobes. 14) Label the parts of a simple bacteria cell WHAT? 15) Describe the two methods of reproduction in bacteria and the conditions required for each to occur. Binary Fission: One cell will internally copies its DNA information, and cell will elongate. Then a septum (wall) will be built between it, then it will separate. It’s the usual method of reproduction at normal conditions. Conjugation: When situations require the cell to adapt, it will go through conjugation, a sexual reproduction method to increase its diversity. It will form a pili with another cell, then transfer some genetic data, then each cell will go through binary fission itself. 16) Describe how the rate of bacterial growth can play a positive or negative role in different circumstances High rate of bacterial growth when bacteria needs to take over a place to hog the resources will be a good thing (positive role), as it needs to overcome the power of the other bacteria to get the resources. However, when the amount of resources are low, the decreased rate of bacterial growth will allow them to spare more resources rather than hogging them up. 17) Explain three ways eubacteria are classified. Eubacteria are classified by their shape, cell wall style, and energy source, being autotrophs or heterotrophs. 18) Explain how antibiotics are used as a defense mechanism against many infections. Indicate how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to “Super bugs”. Antibiotics are great at killing bacteria that cause infections. They are not designed to kill viruses, however, so therefore antibiotics won’t aid symptoms that are caused by viruses. They can be harmful because misuse of antibiotics will leave bacteria that aren’t killing to mutate and adapt to the conditions from antibiotics. They will evolve to become immune to the antibiotics. That has a possibility of spreading with others and conjugating with them, converting them also into a spread resistance feature. 19) Describe the characteristics of viruses. By definition, viruses are not living things because they are not made up of cell, but made up of RNA/DNA and protein. They are shaped by icosahedral, rod, spherical, helical, or both. They come in to the body and do many different things to replicate it by using the person’s genetic material. With RNA viruses, they will go into a person’s cells, attach and copy it’s viral data into it, then it will destroy the internal genetic material, then use that material to create parts for it’s new copies. DNA viruses will inject viral information that will live amongst the person’s DNA gene, and block, interrupt, or change genetic information, making them unreadable. Some DNA viruses does so much harm to genes in the DNA that they are responsible for cancer. 20) Label the parts of a simply virus WHAT? 21) Explain three ways viruses are classified By their host: any host, specific hosts, or specific tissues By their reproduction type: Lysogenic or lytic cycles By their shape: icosahedral, helix, rod, or combo of helix and rod By whether or not they’re DNA or RNA viruses 22) Explain how viruses reproduce and describe the steps that occur for each of two cycles. They reproduce through the help of using their host’s cells and genetic information. In the lytic cycle, the cells will dock onto the host’s cells and inject some viral information. That information will then destroy the existing cell’s information that is present, and then takes those parts to create particles that makes up copies of the virus. It will assemble itself then burst, releasing more viruses. In the lysogenic cycle, the viruses will dock onto existing cells, then it will inject it’s viral information into the existing cell, and it will live amongst the rest of the genetic information. When the cell’s immunity is compromised, the viral information will leak out and enter the lytic cycle. 23) List the characteristics in the kingdom of Protista. Explain how they are classified in this group. Provide two examples for each of the three classes. Kingdom Protista are eukaryotic cells, unicellular, lives in water, nutrients from photosynthesis (autotrophs) and ingestion, and can reproduce sexually and asexually. Their feeding method, specialized features, cell walls, and movement type classify them. They feed through ingestion, some have cell walls and some have shells, they move through sarcodines(pseudopodia), flagellum, sporozoan, and ciliates. They’re also split into their respective classes. Paramecium (pond cilia movement protozoans), Amoeba (pseudopodia movement and engulfs food), Slime molds (fungus like protists that are heterotrophic, does spores, and cellulose cell walls. 24) Describe the pros and cons of sampling organisms in an environment. The advantage of sampling organisms in an environment is that it takes less time than sampling the entire population to obtain results that are most representative of the population as a whole. A fraction of those creatures will not provide a result that is as accurate as one obtained from testing the entire population. A population's patterns, trends, and behaviors can be influenced by a variety of factors, and only a small portion of the population can fully capture these factors. 25) Describe the process of quadrat sampling. Explain when this type of sampling is useful and the information that can be gained from this data. WHAT? 26) Describe the characteristics of kingdom fungi Fungi are structures that have very deep roots under the ground. They grow from hyphae + and – which fuses together to create a spore which will then continue to grow. Their structural features are responsible for holding spores that are essential to their reproduction. 27) Describe three feeding methods used by fungi and the four main classes Saprophytes: sprays digestive substance into the air allowing air particles to be digested and fall back onto its wide surface area to be absorbed. This will allow them to share its nutrients with other plants nearby. Parasites: will hook onto the person’s body and perform Haustoria: hyphae that will penetrate into host’s cells to extract nutrients without actually killing it. Symbiotic Fungi: Mycorrhiza fungi that builds relationships with other plants. Grows on roots of plants, excreting nutrients to it, and plant gives it sugars to live on. 28) Indicate the benefits and negative aspects of fungi in our world. Benefits: medicine, beer, food, yeast, pesticides Harmful: allergies, bacteria, diseases, toxins, cause of potato famine 29) Explain how fungi reproduce using bread mold and mushrooms as examples Mushrooms grow using methods of basidiomycetes, creating a sack (asci) that stores spores, and then releases them out when popped. Bread molds will create zygospores from fusing + and – hyphaes then putting them into compartments in order to protect them before they are released until they are ready for the environment. 30) Describe the characteristics of Plantae. The plantae are green chlorophyll filled. They are all multicellular, autotrophic, sexual and asexual reproduction that does photosynthesis for energy. 31) Describe the non-vascular plants and seedless vascular plants referring to two examples from each. The non-vascular plant has no vascular. They include mosses and liverworts. They absorb water from their environment. If their environment has water, the plants will be filled with water as well. They reproduce through generation of gametophytes to make egg and sperm that will fuse inside. With seedless plants, they get water from leaves through stomata. They reproduce by producing spores under their leaves then drop them in order to reproduce. 32) Describe the characteristics of Gymnosperms using conifers as an example. Gymnosperms and conifers are only plants that are suitable to survive through the winter. They have their reproductive strategy in cones that they create. Male cones have male gametophytes that will blow off and be transported onto female cone archegonia’s in order to fertilize. 33) Describe the characteristics of Angiosperms Angiosperms are plants with flowers or fruits do to fertilization. They’re also very colorful and scented flowers. They rely on wind and insects that carry the pollen to other angiosperms to fertilize. 34) Describe the characteristics of animalia Animalia has eukaryotic cells, are multicellular, cells organized into tissues, live on land and water, heterotrophs digesting food, and sexual reproduction. 35) Describe the first animals that lived on earth and describe their body compositions Sponges: no tissues or organs, very thin skin layer for diffusion respiration. Single opening for food and excretion to take place. Sucks in water and sifts nutrients out of them. Jellyfish: very thin layer of skin, simple nervous and muscle systems, and extracellular (through cell) digestion Worms: lives in soil and parasites. Flatworms use simple excretory system, no circulatory system, and distinct head. (Flatworms) Segmented Worms: earthworms and leeches, tube like bodies. each segments contain it’s own set of organs for excretion, circulation, and nervous control system. 36) Discuss body symmetry in animals Animals can be divided in symmetry in 2 different ways. Asymmetrical and symmetrical. They can also be radical symmetry (symmetry on any way), or bilateral symmetry (2 different parts on one vertical plane) 37) Explain how the evolution of three cell layers and a coelom allowed animals to become more complex and mobile. The coelom adds support, space, suspending the organs, allowing them to have support and to grow into very complex organs. The three layer endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm allows for the growth of more organs, muscles, and bone structure to allow for movement with speed without compromising the protection of the organs. 38) Describe some characteristics of various groups in the Kingdom anamalia Molluscs: soft animals in hard external shells, bilinear symmetry and includes all organs. Starfish: radically symmetrical, aquatic animals, moves on feet, and feet can regenerate if broken.