Biology: Body Systems Test

SBI3U Grade 11 Biology Body Systems Test Biology Study Notes Biological Systems: 1) Biological Systems: Group of organs work together to perform a function 2) Organ System: Group of 2 or more tissues working to do a task 3) Tissues: Specialized cells doing a common function 4) Cells: Basic unit of life Respiratory: Gas exchange between organism and the environment Circulatory: Transporting nutrients and other material to cells of the organism Digestive: reduces food's molecule size so that it can be absorbed Cellular Respiration: Glucose + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP (energy for life) Respiratory System Basic requirements: Large resp. Surface: enough to meet requirements Moist: dissolve gasses Exchange Methods: Simple Diffusion: short distances, concentration + -> low Skin: capillaries under skin does gas exchange (worm) Lungs: mammal vertebrate’s preferred mechanism Human R System: Parts: Nasal Cavity: Nostrils; take air in Oral Cavity: Mouth; take air in Nasal Passages: Thin bone turbinate cleans; mucus, moistens air Pharynx: Trachea/Esophagus, connects mouth to larynx/esophagus Epiglottis: Flap: prevents food from falling into trachea Glottis: Opening of the windpipe. Larynx: Two fold structure, holds voice box, large space, muscles contract closing gap between chords, causing different vibrations hence sound Trachea: Tube supported by half circle cartilage, air transported Bronchi: Passageway 1/lung, Trachea into bronchioles Bronchioles: Network of finer tubes; bronchus to alveoli, moistens with mucus Alveoli: thin grape sacks with film and capillaries, site of gas exchange through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion (with help of protein push) Diaphragm: muscle layer, separates stomach and lung, contracts during inhalation Lungs: Deep into body, surrounded with pleura, land vertebrates, left lung 2 lobes Breathing 1) Diaphragm: muscle contracts to make room for lung space 2) Intercostal muscles: contracts to push ribs outwards to make more room Diffusion -Air pressure is the force exerted on a surface by molecules -Under 2 vessels, air pressure tries to get an equilibrium -As volume increases, air pressure decreases -As volume decreases, air pressure increases -Air molecules move around to try to achieve equilibrium -Ribs+diaphragm expand -increased volume (thoracic cavity) -air pressure in lung low, air rushes in -Ribs+diaphragm relax -decrease volume -air pressure in lung increases, air races out External Respiration: blood and alveoli -Adjacent to alveoli are capillaries -blood in hemoglobin with iron attracts to oxygen and transports around Internal Respiration -Oxygen diffuses from blood, into cell -Same but opposite with carbon dioxide Cellular Respiration -Uses oxygen to chemically react with glucose to make ATP -CO2 and water as byproducts Lung Capacity- Amount of air your lung can hold outside of normal breathing rates Tidal Volume: amount intake during normal movement Inspiratory Reserve Volume: any additional volume of air intake during inhalation Expiratory Reserve Volume: any additional volume of air that can be forced out beyond regular or tidal expiration Vital Capacity: Total of gas in and out Residue Volume: amount of air that remains in the passage way after full expiration. Never leaves system Respiratory Efficiency: Rate at which oxygen can be transferred Brain Medulla controls breathing rates Cardiovascular System Five Functions 1) Transports oxygen 2) Removes wastes 3) Transports nutrients 4) Temperature regulation 5) Disease fighting cells and hormones Blood Vessels: Transports blood from one place to another Heart: the pump Blood: Medium used to carry around the body Deoxygenated blood = blood without oxygen Oxygenated blood = blood with oxygen Red blood cells (w/o nucleus) carries hemoglobin in the center, consisting of an iron ion that attracts to oxygen molecules. Blood Vessels Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from heart -Strong thick muscular wall -Elastic and stretchy –In heart, Pulmonary Arteries take deoxygenated blood out. Veins: returns deoxygenated blood to heart -Thin, smooth, walls -Contains one way valves to prevent backflow -In heart, Arteries and Veins switch roles -Lowest pressure –In heart, Pulmonary Veins bring oxygenated blood in. Capillaries: smallest vessels, one cell thick, used for gas exchange –Sphincter: muscle that controls the flow of blood in the capillary bed. Heart -> Arteries -> Arterioles (smaller arteries) -> Capillaries -> Venules (smaller veins) -> Veins -> heart. Blood: transports gasses and nutrients (Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells and Platelets are formed components of Blood) 1) Red Blood Cells: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, nutrients 1% 2) White Blood cells: fight off foreign agents 1% 3) Platelets: help blood clot 8% 4) Plasma: water, help blood flow 90% Divisions Coronary Circulation: Pathway Inside heart Pulmonary Circulation: Pathway between heart and lung Systemic Circulation: Pathway between heart and body Heart: muscle organ left side of chest cavity under sternum Chambers Atria: collecting blood when they return -Both contracts at the same time -Right atrium receives blood from body -Left atrium receives blood from lung Ventricles: contracts at the same time -Right ventricle pumps blood through arteries to lung -Left ventricle pumps through Aorta to body -thick walls to resist gravity Atrioventricular valves -leads into ventricles -Right = tricuspid valve -Left = bicuspid valve Semilunar Valves -Gateway to pulmonary artery and Aorta -Aortic and pulmonary valve -prevent backflow Order of Heart cycle Inferior Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Artery Lung Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Aorta Body Cardiac Cycle: pumping and filling of blood in the heart, takes 0.8 seconds Systole -Atria contracts, pumping blood to right side -Ventricles contract and push blood out of heart, atria starts to refill -Right ventricle contracts and blood moves to the lung -Left ventricle contracts and blood moves out. Diastole -Blood flows into the atria Electric conduction SA Node: right of atria near top -controls rate of heart: influenced by brain or hormones -receives signals from brain, and sends it to AV node Internodal Pathways -Path between SA and AV node AV Node -connects to the Purkinje fibers and bundle of HIS to contract ventricle -Delays to ensure Atria is empty and that ventricles contract together Bundle of HIS -Muscle tissue Purkinje Fibers -Wall of ventricles -triggers actual contraction. ECG- Electrocardiogram Components: -Pwave: contraction of Atria -QRS: contraction of Ventricles -Twave: rest phase Cardiac Output: volume of blood pumped in 1 min. ~5L/min Stroke Volume: mL of blood pumped per beat Vo2 Max: maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in through working muscles Blood Pressure– force exerted by blood onto the vessel walls, measured with sphygmomanometer Systolic Pressure -pressure during contraction of heart Diastole Pressure -pressure during relaxation of heart Hypertension: high blood pressure due to genetics/fat/diet/aging Coronary Artery Disease: plaque build up in blood vessels (Atherosclerosis) Angina: not enough oxygen to blood going through veins -heart muscles suffocate, and get damaged -over damage results in heart attack Myocardial Infarction (heart attack): blood clot, not enough oxygen to heart, muscle death. Digestion System For breaking down food into smaller molecules so they can be diffused and absorbed into the body in a 24-33 hour process through Mechanical and chemical digestion. Structure Mouth– grinds food Tongue– keeps food in place, taste, move food to rear of mouth and creates ball of food Uvula– ball like structure, prevent entrance to pharynx when we swallow Saliva Glands (Parotid, Sublingual, Submandibular): excretes saliva -neutralizes PH to 7 with buffers -Antibacterial agent -salivary amylase to break carbs -lubrication -Mucin protects mouth lining Esophagus: tub lubricated with mucin -muscle and mucin help push food down through peristalsis -Circular and longitudinal smooth muscles that surround the digestive tract are involved in peristalsis, which is the movement of food. To do this, the circular muscles over a food mass relax while the longitudinal muscles directly in front of it contract, and the circular muscles immediately behind the food mass then contract while the longitudinal muscles relax. Stomach: Inner folds called Rugae increase surface area –Gastric Glands release Gastric Juice (acid of ph 2) -Kills bacteria -Breaks cell matrix that glues cells together –Pyloric Sphincter opens way out the stomach -Churns food into Chyme fluid to be taken out -Elasticity helps it expand –Cardiac Orifice opens to the stomach Small Intestine: Duodenum: Opening of small intestine (first 30cm) -Most folds, villi, and microvilli to absorb nutrients -Intestinal juices chemically continue to break down food Jejunum: meters long. -Breaks own protein and carbs Ileum: contains fewer and smaller villi, absorbs rest of nutrients Large Intestine: absorbs water and minerals -Caecum: closed end of large intestine -Appendix: hangs separately to kill off disease -Colon: main part of intestine (transverse, Ascending, descending) Rectum: canal leading to anus (opening for feces to be excreted) Macronutrients: large quantities, large molecules into sub units. -Carbohydrates: sugars -Lipids: fats -Proteins: meat Mechanical Digestion -Mouth, jaw, tongue, teeth -Break into smaller particles -Help increase surface area for absorption Chemical Digestion -Acids, enzymes act on food and changes them into new substances Hydrolysis: breaks down protein, carb, and fats -adds an H2O molecule reacting to break chains of molecules Enzymes: enzymes speed up by cutting these chains apart -substrate specific: only work on certain molecules -makes molecules small enough to diffuse -Proteases: stomach: breaks protein -Lipases: small intestine: breaks Lipases –Carbohydrases: Everywhere: breaks carbs –Salivary Amylase: mouth breaks carbs -Pepsin: stomach: breaks protein -Sensitive to high temperatures and PH level (e.g. Stomach) -ions, helper enzymes, vitamines help enzymes do the right thing -No enzymes in large intestine (water absorbed there) Liver: produces bile to help break fat -Lipase activated by bile salts Pancreas: produces enzymes -enzyme to neutralize chyme in duodenum small intestine Gall Bladder -stores bile salts Dissections Rat -Female rats have urinary aperture behind the vaginal orifice, a depression in the vulva -Male rats have large scrotal sacs of testes covered in prepuce (skin surrounding penis). The end of penis has urogenital orifice to let out urine and sperm –Pericardium: thin layer surrounding the heart -Rats have glycogen to transform waste -Rats have no gall bladder to store bile -Stomach outer margin is Greater Curvature, inner margin is called Lesser Curvature –Spleen destroys old blood cells and also stores blood when there’s too much -Pancreas produces insulin for regulating glucose metabolism Frog -2 External Nares -2 Tympani (eardrums) -2 Internal Nares (in the mouth) -Vomerine teeth in the middle, maxillary teeth on the side -Urine from Kidney > Ureter > Kidney, then out through the cloaca -Male frogs are smaller in size with thick, larger thumb pads. -Nictitating membrane is the third eyelid