Unit 3 Chapters 4 & 5 Review

Unit 3 Chapters 4 & 5 review 2010 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ ____ ____ 1. 2. 3. The largest numbers of species of organisms on the earth are currently a. microorganisms and fungi. b. amphibians and reptiles. c. insects and fungi. d. insects and microorganisms. e. mammals. The following choices list levels of organization of matter that claim the attention of ecologists. Which correctly lists these levels in sequence from narrower to broader focus? a. organisms--populations--communities—ecosystems —ecosphere b. organisms--communities--populations—ecosystems —ecosphere c. organisms--populations--communities—ecosphere —ecosystems d. ecosphere--ecosystems--communities—populations —organisms e. ecosphere--populations--communities—ecosystems —organisms A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at the same time is called a a. species. b. population. c. community. d. genus. e. niche. ____ 4. The basic unit of life is the a. nucleotide. b. mitochondrion. c. cell. d. tissue. e. nucleus. ____ 5. You are a microbiologist. You observe a cell divide into two identical cells. You are most likely watching a. asexual reproduction. b. photosynthesis. c. aerobic respiration. d. sexual reproduction. e. human reproduction. ____ 9. Children fly kites in the a. stratosphere. b. lithosphere. c. troposphere. d. hydrosphere. e. biosphere. ____ 10. ____ 11. ____ 12. All of the following factors have strong effects on terrestrial ecosystems except a. temperature. b. precipitation. c. nature of the soil. d. dissolved oxygen. e. none of these answers ____ 13. All of the following are major causes of differences among aquatic ecosystems except a. temperature. b. precipitation. c. salinity. d. depth of sunlight penetration. e. dissolved oxygen. ____ 14. The most inclusive components of the biotic portion of an ecosystem are a. producers and consumers. b. primary and secondary consumers. c. herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. d. all nonliving chemicals or matter. e. omnivores. ____ 15. Photosynthesis a. converts glucose into energy and water. b. requires the combustion of carbon. c. produces carbon dioxide and oxygen gas. d. yields glucose and oxygen gas as products. e. yields glucose and carbon dioxide gas as products. Energy a. recycles through the ecosystem. b. flows in only one direction. c. is used over and over again. d. tends to be concentrated by living organisms. e. flows in two directions. a. b. c. d. e. The sun is composed primarily of hydrogen. helium. heavy metals. ions. nitrogen. ____ 6. Biodiversity emerges from a. mutations. b. natural selection. c. extinction. d. all of these answers e. none of these answers ____ 16. The conversion of solar energy into chemical energy occurs in a. photosynthesis. b. higher levels of food chains. c. chemosynthesis. d. heterotrophic organisms. e. food webs. ____ 7. The thin, gaseous layer of air around the planet is called the a. atmosphere. b. lithosphere. c. stratosphere. d. hydrosphere. e. troposphere. ____ 17. 8. All physical forms of water (solid, liquid, and gas) make up the a. atmosphere. b. lithosphere. c. biosphere. d. hydrosphere. e. troposphere. You are a scientist intrigued by organisms that can create complex molecules through chemosynthesis. The habitat you are most likely to visit is a(n) a. island paradise. b. inland sand dune. c. hydrothermal vent. d. prairie. e. forest. ____ 18. Vultures, hyenas, and flies are all examples of a. detritivores. b. herbivores. c. autotrophs. d. scavengers. e. omnivores. ____ ____ 19. In the field, you observe a lion chase, kill, and eat a gazelle. A vulture pecks away at the left over meat scraps. Beetles attack the remaining fragments. Finally, bacteria complete the breakdown and recycling of organic material. If you were to apply a general classification to the feeders, what would be the correct sequence? a. Decomposer-scavenger-detritus feeder-carnivore b. Carnivore-detritus feeder-scavenger-decomposer c. Carnivore-scavenger-detritus feeder-decomposer d. Carnivore-scavenger-decomposer-detritus feeder e. Decomposer-detritus feeder-scavenger-carnivore ____ 27. The phosphorus cycle is an example of a(n) a. hydrologic cycle. b. sedimentary cycle. c. carbohydrate cycle. d. atmospheric cycle. e. none of these answers ____ 28. The cycle most responsible for linking the other biogeochemical cycles is the a. carbon cycle. b. nitrogen cycle. c. phosphorus cycle. d. hydrologic cycle. ____ 20. Aerobic respiration requires a. glucose and carbon dioxide. b. glucose and oxygen. c. oxygen and water. d. carbon dioxide and water. e. carbon dioxide and oxygen. ____ 29. Water molecules ____ each other. a. attract b. repel c. have no effect on d. dissolve e. diffuse ____ 21. Anaerobic respiration may produce all of the following except a. methane gas. b. hydrogen sulfide. c. carbon dioxide and water. d. ethyl alcohol. e. lactic acid. ____ 30. Humans are most likely to alter the earth's thermostat through their impact on the compound a. carbon dioxide. b. nitrogen gas. c. phosphate. d. hydrogen sulfide. e. water. ____ 22. An ecosystem can survive without a. producers. b. consumers. c. decomposers. d. autotrophs. e. omnivores. ____ 31. ____ 23. Complex feeding patterns for consumers in an ecosystem are called a. food webs. b. food chains. c. trophic levels. d. pyramids of energy. e. trophic chains. Which element could be called the "currency for energy exchange in living systems?" a. nitrogen b. oxygen c. carbon d. sulfur e. phosphorus ____ 32. Carbon is a major component of a. atmospheric gases. b. sedimentary rocks. c. the oceans. d. organic compounds. e. the water cycle. ____ 24. The ecological efficiency at each trophic level of a particular ecosystem is 20%. If the green plants of the ecosystem capture 100 units of energy, about ____ units of energy will be available to support herbivores and about ____ units of energy will be available to support carnivores. a. 120 . . . 140 b. 120. . . 240 c. 20. . . 2 d. 20. . . 4 e. 20 . . .1 ____ 33. The most common gas in the atmosphere is a. nitrogen. b. carbon dioxide. c. oxygen. d. hydrogen. e. helium. ____ 34. Nitrogen is a major component of all of the following except a. proteins. b. nucleic acids. c. ammonia. d. groundwater. e. DNA. ____ 35. The form of nitrogen most usable to plants is a. ammonia. b. nitrogen gas. c. proteins. d. nitrates. e. nitrites. ____ 36. Ammonium ions are converted to nitrite ions and nitrate ions through the process of a. nitrification. b. nitrogen fixation. c. denitrification. d. assimilation. e. leaching. ____ ____ 25. 26. Net primary productivity is a. the rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis. b. the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration. c. the rate of photosynthesis plus the rate of respiration. d. usually reported as the energy output of an area of producers over a given time. e. the energy input of an area of producers over a given time. The nitrogen cycle is an example of a(n) a. hydrologic cycle. b. sedimentary cycle. c. carbohydrate cycle. d. atmospheric cycle. e. rock cycle. ____ 37. Nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia through a. nitrification. b. nitrogen fixation. c. denitrification. d. assimilation. e. leaching. ____ 46. Mutations can be caused by a. ultraviolet light. b. X rays. c. certain chemicals. d. radioactivity e. all of these answers ____ 38. Evidence for the evolution of life comes from all of the following except a. chemical experiments. b. fossils. c. chemical analysis of ancient rocks and core samples. d. the Bible. e. DNA mutations. ____ 47. The change from a light to a dark color in the peppered moth was the result of a. insecticides. b. industrial pollution. c. a change in predators. d. an increase in ultraviolet radiation. e. migration. ____ 39. Which of the following best describe biologists' current hypothesis about the production of the earth's atmospheric oxygen? a. Photosynthesis by terrestrial plants produced atmospheric oxygen. b. The breakdown of iron ore deposits produced atmospheric oxygen. c. Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria produced atmospheric oxygen. d. Chemosynthesis by terrestrial plants produced atmospheric oxygen. e. Chemosynthesis by aquatic plants produced atmospheric oxygen. ____ 48. You are an evolutionary biologist studying a population of bats in the rainforest of Brazil. Most of the population possesses moderate length wings, although some individuals have long wings and some individuals have short wings. Over the course of time, you notice that the frequency of moderate-length wings increases. You conclude that the most likely cause of this development is a. stabilizing natural selection. b. directional natural selection. c. diversifying natural selection. d. coevolution. e. continuous natural selection. ____ 40. The gas that is least likely to have formed Earth's primitive atmosphere is a. methane. b. ammonia. c. oxygen. d. water vapor. e. nitrogen. ____ 49. ____ 41. The fossil record is incomplete because a. not all fossils have been found. b. some fossils have decomposed. c. some life forms left no fossils. d. all of these answers e. none of these answers As you study a population of fruit flies, you notice that pink eye color is the most common, although white eyes and red eyes are also present. Over the course of time and many generations, you notice that the proportion of individuals with pink eyes steadily increases. You conclude that this population is undergoing a. continuous natural selection. b. disruptive natural selection. c. directional natural selection. d. stabilizing natural selection. e. coevolution. ____ 50. In a population of cats, you notice there is considerable variation of length of fur. Over the course of time, you observe that there are many cats that exhibit very long fur and many with very short fur. However, there are few cats that exhibit an intermediate length of fur. You conclude that this population is undergoing a. continuous natural selection. b. discontinuous natural selection. c. disruptive natural selection. d. directional natural selection. e. coevolution. ____ 51. You study fossils of giraffes. Although there appears to be considerable variability in lengths of necks, there appears to be a definite shift to longer necks over the course of time. You conclude that this species is undergoing a. continuous natural selection. b. discontinuous natural selection. c. disruptive natural selection. d. directional natural selection. e. coevolution. ____ 52. Coevolution can involve the interaction of a. plants and herbivores. b. pollinators and flowers. c. parasites and hosts. d. plant roots and fungi. e. all of these answers ____ 53. Which of the following is false? Coevolution ____ 42. You are a fossil hunter. Which of the following are you least likely to find in a fossil? a. bone b. leaves c. teeth d. muscle e. shells ____ 43. The term that describes small genetic changes that a population within a species experiences is a. coevolution. b. microevolution. c. convergent evolution. d. macroevolution. e. genetic drift. ____ 44. The term used to describe the long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes among groups of species is a. coevolution. b. microevolution. c. convergent evolution. d. macroevolution. e. genetic drift. ____ 45. A gene pool is the a. collection of genes being used in the human genome project. b. genetic composition of an organism. c. genetic composition of a population. d. genetic composition of a community. e. genetic composition of an ecosystem. a. b. c. d. e. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. occurs when interacting species exert selective pressures on each other. occurs between plants and the herbivores that eat them. may play a role in the evolution of camouflage. leads to competitive relationships. ____ all of these answers An organism's niche is analogous to its a. address. b. way of life. c. food source. d. trash dump. e. all of these answers Species belonging to different taxonomic groups may develop a resemblance resulting from adaptation to similar environments. This process is called a. coevolution. b. microevolution. c. convergent evolution. d. macroevolution. e. diversifying natural selection. 61. How much energy is available to the herbivore? a. 10,000 Kcal c. 1,000 kcal b. 100,000 Kcal d. 100 Kcal ____ 62. Assuming that the food chain consisted of a producer, a primary consumer, a secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer, how much energy is available to the tertiary consumer if ecological efficiency is a 10% throughout the food chain? a. 1,000 Kcal c. 100 Kcal b. 100 Kcal d. 10 Kcal ____ 63. How much of the energy in put will be converted to heat and released to the environment? a. 90% c. 50% b. 100% d. cannot be determined Matching In a population of 100 mice, 49 have short tails, which is a recessive trait. The rest have long tails. Determine the frequencies of the genotypes and of the dominant and recessive genes. Geographic isolation may result from a(n) a. volcanic eruption. b. earthquake. c. mountain range. d. river e. all of these answers Geographic isolation is least likely to give rise to a. reproductive isolation. b. speciation. c. convergent evolution. d. divergent evolution. e. microevolution. Darwin's description of macroevolution as an accumulation of steady, small evolutionary changes is best described as a. dynamic equilibrium. b. a steady state hypothesis. c. a punctuated equilibrium hypothesis. d. a gradualist model of evolution. e. natural selection. Patterns of speciation and extinction are least likely to be affected by a. climatic changes. b. continental drift. c. meteorites crashing into the earth. d. changes in the weather. e. human activity. Which of the following statements about extinctions is false? a. Biologists estimate that 99% of all the species that have ever existed are now extinct. b. Mass extinctions raise the extinction rate above the background extinction rate. c. Most mass extinctions are believed to be due to global climatic changes. d. Earth has experienced over a dozen great mass extinctions. e. none of these answers In an ecosystem the sun provides 1.0 x 106 Kcal of energy of which only 1% can be absorbed by the plant. Of the energy absorbed only 10% is converted to biomass that can be passed to the next trophic level. a. b. c. .3 .7 .09 ____ 64. Dominant gene ____ 65. Recessive gene ____ 66. homozygous recessive ____ 67. homozygous dominant ____ 68. heterozygous d. e. .49 .42 Match the steps of the nitrogen with what is being converted at each step a. N2 to NH4+ d. NH4+ to NO2b. Nitrogenous waste to NH4+ e. NO3- to N2 c. NO2- to NO3f. Nitrates to amino acids, nucleic acid, nitrogen bases and other nitrogen containing compounds ____ 69. nitrification step 1 ____ 70. nitrification step 2 ____ 71. nitrogen fixation ____ 72. denitrification ____ 73. assimilation ____ 74. ammonification Short Answer 75. Describe the relationship between aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis. 76. Describe the interactions of the ATP / ADP cycle with the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles. 77. Describe the experiment that confirmed that there is a conservation of mechanism in build the bodies of all animals. Unit 3 Chapter 4 & 5 review Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-1 THE NATURE OF ECOLOGY 2. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 4-1 THE NATURE OF ECOLOGY 3. ANS: B DIF: E TOP: 4-1 THE NATURE OF ECOLOGY 4. ANS: C DIF: E TOP: 4-1 THE NATURE OF ECOLOGY 5. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 4-1 THE NATURE OF ECOLOGY 6. ANS: D DIF: E TOP: 4-1 THE NATURE OF ECOLOGY 7. ANS: A DIF: E TOP: 4-2 THE EARTH'S LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS 8. ANS: D DIF: E TOP: 4-2 THE EARTH'S LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS 9. ANS: C DIF: E TOP: 4-2 THE EARTH'S LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS 10. ANS: B DIF: E TOP: 4-2 THE EARTH'S LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS 11. ANS: A DIF: E TOP: 4-2 THE EARTH'S LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS 12. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 13. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 14. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 15. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 16. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 17. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 18. ANS: D DIF: E TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 19. ANS: C DIF: D TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 20. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 21. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 22. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 4-3 ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS 23. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 4-4 ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS 24. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-4 ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS 25. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-5 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF ECOSYSTEMS 26. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 27. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 28. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 29. ANS: A DIF: E TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 30. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 31. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 32. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 33. ANS: A DIF: E TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 34. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 35. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 36. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 37. ANS: B DIF: E TOP: 4-7 MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS 38. ANS: D DIF: E TOP: 5-1 ORIGINS OF LIFE 39. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 5-1 ORIGINS OF LIFE 40. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 5-1 ORIGINS OF LIFE 41. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 5-1 ORIGINS OF LIFE 42. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 5-1 ORIGINS OF LIFE 43. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 44. ANS: D DIF: E TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 45. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 46. ANS: E DIF: E TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 47. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 48. ANS: A DIF: M TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 49. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 50. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 51. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 52. ANS: E DIF: M TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 53. ANS: D DIF: M TOP: 5-2 EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 54. ANS: B DIF: M TOP: 5-3 ECOLOGICAL NICHES AND ADAPTATION 55. ANS: C DIF: M TOP: 5-3 ECOLOGICAL NICHES AND ADAPTATION 56. ANS: TOP: E DIF: E 5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND BIODIVERSITY 57. ANS: TOP: C DIF: M 5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND BIODIVERSITY 58. ANS: TOP: D DIF: M 5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND BIODIVERSITY 59. ANS: TOP: D DIF: M 5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND BIODIVERSITY 60. ANS: TOP: D DIF: M 5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND BIODIVERSITY 61-77 1. ANS: C 2. ANS: D 3. ANS: A 4. ANS: A 5. ANS: B 6. ANS: D 7. ANS: C 8. ANS: E MATCHING 9. ANS: D 10. ANS: C 11. ANS: A 12. ANS: E 13. ANS: F 14. ANS: B SHORT ANSWER 15. ANS: Complimentary processes (needs to be explained) 16. ANS: ATP is made up of components from the cycles and allows the flow of energy through ecosystems (needs to be explained) 17. ANS: mouse gene inserted to fly produced a compound eye (needs to be explained)