Population and Demography Vocabulary

APHG Ch 2 Vocabulary Term carrying capacity Definition The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people. The deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a contraception consequence of sexual intercourse. Reflects exponential growth of a country’s population; this typically occurs in ideal J-curve environments. Traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. So named for its shape. S-curve Relates to growth and decline in the natural increase. The policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support pro-natalism of a higher birthrate. A philosophical position that assigns a negative value to birth. An argument that people anti-natalism should abstain from procreation because it is morally bad. neomalthusians Those who are critical of the demographic transition model. replacement A level of reproduction in which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to fertility the next. ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture agricultural density The (arable land). arithmetic density The total number of people divided by the total land area. census A complete enumeration of a population. crude birth rate The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. (CBR) crude death rate The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. (CDR) The process of change in a society’s population from having a high birth rate, high death rate demographic and a low rate of natural increase to a condition of having a low birth rate, low death rate, a transition low rate of natural increase and a higher total population. demography The scientific study of population characteristics. The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people dependency ratio active in the labor force. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural doubling time increase. ecumene The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and elderly support ratio The older. epidemiologic The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition transition. epidemiology The branch of medicine concerned with the incidence, distribution and control of diseases. Industrial A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of Revolution manufacturing goods. infant mortality rate The number of babies that die within their first year of life. (IMR) The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, life expectancy economic, and medical conditions. maternal mortality The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to rate pregnancy. Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to poorer medical revolution countries, eliminating many of the traditional causes of death and enabling more people to live longer and healthier lives. natural increase The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the rate (NIR) crude death rate. overpopulation The lack of necessary resources to meet the needs of the population of a defined area. Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the pandemic population. physiological density population pyramid sex ratio total fertility rate (TFR) zero population growth (ZPG) The number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex. The number of males per 100 females in the population. The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. A phenomenon where the birth rate equals the death rate.