Epinephrine Neurotransmitter & Chemical Communication

Epinephrine normally acts the harmane But during emergencies acts like hermanenturetransmiler Emergency hermove that exciles nervest Causes energy bast when we're in danger de from amine ade tyrosine Coutes the spotless of CAME HP Epinephrine Activity Steps actuation of a protein in the colt membrane 2 GDP is exchanged GTP 3 activation of adenylate Cyclase 4 Conversion of ATP to Open AMP 6 activation of proten Ainase enzymes add phasshute to forget малумет Cover of AMP ATP Epinephrine Activity Binding of epinephrine to its receptor protan causes a shape change that activates a preteer inside the call G protein then moves along the cell membrane until it binds in adenylate cyclase Adenylate cyclase synthesizes mary CAMP molecules CAMP activates patein kinase enzymes, which then add phosphate to target enzymes within the cel Target enzymes are activated (or nacthaled) and change the chemistry of the coll as a response to the epineplatine sigra (release of glucose into the bloodstream) Epinephrine Activity When the emergency is over, epinephrine is removed and CAMP is destroyed Both the primary messenger (epinephrine) and the second messenger (cAMP) must be removed to end the signal CAMP is destroyed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes the phosphoester of CAMP Epinephrine is destroyed by an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO) Some of the epinephrine molecules can be transported back into the cell that released them (a removal mechanism called reuptake) Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers of the nervice spele Released by neurens transmit signals to neighboring target Celle Other nerve Cel Muscle celes Endocrine Cellr Nerve cells do not Connect directly to target Celtis "gap between nerve forget Cets Spide "Neurotransmitter moltcules sorry mesinge Newatro released acress the Synapse bind Cell a recepter protein on the target "Binding of neurotransmitter to its receptor Causes a response in the target Cell Na/K in neve Del C in muscle Cell Movement of ions across Cell membrane Couses nene Cells fo respond maele Cells to Contract Binding Neurotransmitters Direct Action the receptor is the con channel Binding of a neurotransmitter Causes shape change that opens the en chansel "Used by Chelnangiz Messengers. Acerlychalina 2) Indirect Aclothe receptor asts through a secondary messenger (CAMP) "the second messenger as to the lon Clawel Krast that of phes phate Used by Atrategis Mestergers Menoannes Acetylcholen Syaning "Synthesized in pre Synaptored in fer mucks "When ACh Crosses the Synapsesta specie repler Bining shape change, opere Fatycled Chemical Communication Chemical Come Drugs Can not by e Binding to the recptor drug compeles with messenger malecule for its binding cite receplor On the A Drug binds to recepto "Drog mimits action of messenger Drug bonds to receptor blocks binding messenger Compati "Drug blocke action of messenger turns receptor "off" 2) Changing Concentration of the messenger a) Drug boaths Stort... Sgnaling col release of messenger fram Drug decreases Concentration of messenger Decreeses receptor amount of signal delivered to Drugs that act on Acetylcholine Nicotine: Binds to ACh receptor At low doses, activates the receptor (stimulant) Agonist At high doocs, desensitizes the receptor to it no longer can recognize signal Antagonist Botulinus toxin (Botox); prevents release of Ach Blocks the signal Decreases messenger concentration Causes muscle paralysis B Atropine: Binds to Ach receptor and blocks activation Succinylcholine is a competitive inhibitor of Ach b) Drug blocks removal of the messenger Drug inhibits enzymes reuptake involved in messenger degradation or "Drug increases concentration of messenger Increases strength duration of signal deliveral to receptor