Psychology Unit 3 Test Bank Questions

ap psych unit 3 test bank questions the nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called a. evolutionary psychology b. behavior genetics c. molecular biology d. biological psychology e. phrenology e. phrenology who believed that bumps on the skull reveal mental abilities and character traits? a. sir charles sherrington b. stephen kasslyn c. franz gall d. candace pert e. solomon snyder c. franz gall professor seif conducts research on the relationship between the limbic system and sexual motivation. her research interests best represent the psychological specialty known as a. behaviorism b. biologicial psychology c. psychoanalysis d. myelin e. behavior genetics b. biological psychology your friend is taking her first psychology class. she comes to you saying, "i dont understand why we are studying the brain; i thought this was a psychology class." because of your background in psychology, your best response should be a. "its been known since aristotle's time that the brain is the center of intelligence and thought." b. "phrenologists established the importance of studying the physical brain to understand mental abilities." c. "science has demonstrated that plato's belief in the heart as the origin of emotion is correct." d. "everything psychological is simultaneously biological." e. being able to name the parts of the brain helps us to understand the basis of behavior." d. "everything psychological is simultaneously biological." which type of psychologist most directly investigates the links between biological activity and our thinking and behaviors? a. behaviorist b. psychotherapist c. biological psychologist d. cognitive psychologist e. psychometrician c. biological psychologist dendrites are branching extensions of a. neurotransmitters b. endorphins c. neurons d. myelin e. endocrine glands c. neurons the function of dendrites is to a. receive incoming signals from other neurons b. release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons c. coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems d. control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain e. transmit signals to other neurons a. receive incoming signals from other neurons an axon is a. a cell that seves as the basic building block of the nervous system 1 / 37 b. a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons c. an antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites d. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the d. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body cell body e. a junction between a sending and receiving neuron the longest part of a neuron is likely to be the a. dendrite b. axon c. cell body d. synapse e. neurotransmitter b. axon in transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the _______ of a single neuron a. cell body to the axon to the dendrites b. dentrites to the axon to the cell body c. axon to the cell body to the dendrites d. dendrites to the cell body to the axon e. axon to the dentrites to the cell body d. dendrites to the cell body to the axon the speed at which a neural impulse travels increased when the axon is encased by a(n) a. sympathetic nerve b. myelin sheath c. endocrine gland d. pituitary gland e. synaptic vesicle b. myelin sheath a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the a. synapse b. agonist c. action potential d. myelin sheath e. refractory period c. action potential the part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the a. dendrite b. synapse c. association area d. axon e. cell body d. axon the slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the a. thresholds b. dendrites c. endocrine gland d. myelin sheath e. pituitary gland d. myelin sheath which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord? a. sensory neurons b. motor neurons c. myelin sheath d. interneurons e. axons d. interneurons as you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming form this paper. which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain? a. interneuron b. sensory b. sensory 2 / 37 c. presynaptic d. motor e. efferent the movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n) a. aciton potential b. synapse c. neurotransmitters d. myelin sheath e. interneuron a. action potential the depolarization of a neural membrane can create a(n) a. action potential b. myelin sheath c. lesion d. neural network e. interneuron a. action potential the axon of a resting neuron has gates that do not allow positive sodium ions to pass through the cell membrane. what is this characteristic called? a. myelin sheath b. threshold c. selective permeability d. action potential e. parasympathetic nervous system c. selective permeability restin potential is to action potential as _______ is to _______ a. adrenal gland; pituitary gland b. sensory neuron; motor neuron c. temporal lobe; occipital lobe d. polarization; depolarization e. dentrite; axon d. polarization; depolarization the selective permeability of a neural membrane creates a(n) a. myelin sheath b. resting potential c. neural network d. reuptake e. dendrite b. resting potential with regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which a. a neuron fires more rapidly than usual b. an electrical charge travels from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron c. positively charged ions are pumped back outside a neural membrane d. am individual reflexively withdraws from a pain stimulus e. dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons e. dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons the minimum level of a stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the a. reflex b. threshold c. synapse d. action potential e. refractory period b. threshold an all-or-none pattern is characteristic of the a. initiation of neural impulses b. release of endorphins into the central nervous system c. release of hormones into the bloodstream d. activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system e. excitation of the antagonistic hormonal system a. initiation of neural impulses 3 / 37 increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. this indicates that a neuron's reaction is a. inhibited by the myelin sheath b. delayed by the refractory period c. an all-or-none response d. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules e. primarily electrical rather than chemical c. an all-or-none response neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the a. dendrites b. cell body c. axon d. myelin sheath e. synapse c. axon sir charles sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. his observation provided evidence for the existence of a. endorphins b. hormones c. synaptic gaps d. interneurons e. neural networks c. synaptic gaps a synapse is a(n) a. chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions b. automatic response to sensory input c. neural network d. junction between sending a neuron and a receiving neuron e. neural cable containing many axons d. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron the spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called a. neurotransmitters b. neural networks c. synapses d. axons e. thresholds c. synapses the chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called a. hormones b. neurotransmitters c. synpases d. sensory neurons e. motor neurons b. neurotransmitters neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the a. cell body b. synaptic gap c. axon d. myelin sheath e. threshold b. synaptic gap reuptake refers to the a. movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap b. release of hormones into the bloodstream d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending c. inflow of posotively charged ions through an axon membrane neuron d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron e. the ending of the refractory period within a single neuron the action potential a. is generated in the dendrites b. will be slower if myelin is present d. travels in one direction toward the axon terminals 4 / 37 c. depends on the movement of charged calcium atoms d. travels in one direction toward the axon terminals e. crosses the synapse to the adjacent neurons prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. which process does this drug prevent from taking place a. depolarization b. reuptake c. the all-or-none response d. an action potential e. a refractory period b. reuptake when the release of ACh is blocked, the result is a. depression b. muscular paralysis c. aggression d. schizophrenia e. euphoria b. muscular paralysis transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as a. dopamine b. epinephrine c. acetycholine d. insulin e. endorphin c. acetycholine opiate drugs occypt the same receptor sites as a. acetylcoline b. serotonin c. endorphins d. dopamine e. epinephrine c. endorphins jose' has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. his lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of a. glutamate b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. endorphins e. insulin d. endorphins an undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to a. alzheimer's disease b. schizophrenia c. parkinson's disease d. depression e. euphoria d. depression alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce a. dopamine b. acetylcholine c. epinephrine d. endorphins e. glutamate b. acetylcholine schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter a. dopamine b. epinephrone c. acetylcholine d. serotonin e. GABA a. dopamine 5 / 37 an undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as _________ is linked to seizures a. glutamate b. GABA c. serotonin d. ACh e. dopamine b. GABA migrane headaches are most closely linked with an a. oversupply of GABA b. undersupply of serotonin c. oversupply of glutamate d. undersupply of acetylcholine e. oversupply of norepinepherine c. oversupply of glutamate the tremors of parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter a. serotonin b. ACh c. GABA d. dopamine e. acetylcholine d. dopamine psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. where does this interference take place? a. axon b. cell body c. myelin sheath d. synapse e. hormones d. synapse some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule? a. agonists b. antagonists c. endorphins d. endocrines e. autonomics a. agonists what are the molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and mimic that neurotransmitter's effects called? a. agonists b. antagonists c. endorphins d. endocrines e. action potentials a. agonists the brains of patients with parkinson's disease have little dopamine. drugs used to treat suck patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. these drugs would be considered a. antagonists b. sympathetic c. selectively permeable d. endorphins e. agonists e. agonists a person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. drugs used to treat this disorder present the action of dopamine by keeping it from binding to its receptors. these drugs are a. agonists b. somatic c. sympathetic d. antagonists 6 / 37 d. antagonists e. selectively permeable molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and block that neurotransmitter's effects are called what? a. agonists b. antagonists c. endorphins d. endocrines e. action potentials b. antagonists botulin is a poison with a molecular structure so similar to acetylcholine (ACh) that is blocks the effect of ACh in synapses, making botulin which kind of molecule? a. agonist b. antagonist c. endorphin d. endocrine e. autonomic b. antagonist the body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the a. circulatory system b. threshold c. action potential d. nervous system e. endocrine system d. nervous system nerves are neural cables containing many a. hormones b. endorphins c. interneurons d. axons e. lesions d. axons for you to be able to run, _______ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles a. interneurons b. agonists c. motor neurons d. sensory neurons e. the autonomic nervous system c. motor neurons for you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, _______ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system a. endocrines b. interneurons c. glands d. motor neurons e. sensory neurons e. sensory neurons motor neurons are an important part of the a. limbic system b. reticular formation c. peripheral nervous system d. brainstem e. motor cortex c. peripheral nervous system the perrpheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to a. motor neurons b. neurotransmitters c. interneurons d. the sympathetic nervous system e. the parasympathetic nervous system c. interneurons 7 / 37 the somatic nervous system is a component of the _________ nervous system a. peripheral b. autonomic c. central d. sympathetic e. parasympathetic a. peripheral messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your digestive system's stomach muscles by the a. endocrine system b. central nervous system c. sympathetic nervous system d. somatic nervous system e. glands c. sympathetic nervous system when mr. valdez thought his 1-year old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood presser rose, and he began to perspire heavily. mr valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. somatic d. sensorimotor e. central b. sympathetic an accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the _________ nervous system is to the _________ nervous system a. somatic; autonomic b. autonomic; somatic c. central; peripheral d. sympathetic; parasympathetic e. parasympathetic; sympathetic d. sympathetic; parasympathetic stimulated digestion is to inhibited digestion as the _______ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system a. somatic; autonomic b. autonomic; somatic c. central; peripheral d. sympathetic; parasympathetic e. parasympathetic; sympathetic e. parasympathetic; sympathetic while you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. which of the following triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away? a. somatic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. motor cortex d. limbic system e. parasympathetic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system motor neurons are to the _____ nervous system as interneurons are to the ______ nervous system a. sympathetic; parasympathetic b. central; peripheral c. autonomic; somatic d. parasympathetic; sympathetic e. peripheral; central e. peripheral; central while relaxing in a lawn chair enjoying a cool drink, which of the following triggers the "rest-and-digest" response, as your heart rate slows and digestion begins? a. sympathetic nervous system b. limbic system c. somatic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system 8 / 37 d. parasympathetic nervous system e. motor cortex information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via a. interneurons b. the circulatory system c. sensory neurons d. the sympathetic nervous system e. the endocrine system a. interneurons a simple, autonomic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n) a. neural network b. action potential c. neurotransmitter d. reflex e. threshold d. reflex the strengthening of synaptic connection facilitates the formation of a. interneurons b. endorphins c. neural networks d. glial cells e. lesions c. neural networks neural networks refer to a. the branching extensions of a neuron b. interconnected clusters in the central nervous system b. interconnected clusters of neurons in the central nervous sysc. neural cables containing many axons tem d. junctions between sending and receiving neurons e. neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body a football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of reciever distances, player movements, and gravitational forces, this best illustrates the activity of multiple a. endocrine glands b. endorphin agonists c. neural networks d. endorphin antagonists e. thresholds c. neural networks people can simulatneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color, shape, and size. this best illustrates the function of multiple a. ACh agonists b. dendrites c. endorphins d. neural networks e. ACH antagonists d. neural networks the knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the a. action potential b. spinal cord c. resting potential d. endocrine system e. neurotransmitters b. spinal cord sheelah was able to jerk her hand out of the scalding water before sensing any pain because this withdrawal reflex a. was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord b. did not involve activity in her central nervous system c. was activated by the rapidly responding brain d. was activated by her self-regulating autonomic nervous system e. was controlled by her nervous system and impulses from her endocrine system a. was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord 9 / 37 hormones are the chemical messengers of the a. action potential b. autonomic nervous system c. endocrine system d. peripheral nervous system e. central nervous system c. endocrine system endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into a. synaptic gaps b. the bloodstream c. dendrites d. sensory neurons e. interneurons b. the bloodstream the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are called a. neurotransmitters b. interneurons c. hormones d. agonists e. antagonists c. hormones after a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed? a. dopamine controls fear, and this chemical takes a certain amount of time to break down in your system b. endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural mesb. endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages sages c. excitatory neurotransmitters d. the parasympathetic nervous system is less effective than the sympathetic nervous system e. the adrenal glands tend to act more quickly than the rest of the endocrine system the ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the a. peripheral system b. endocrine system c. sympathetic nervous system d. somatic system e. central nervous system b. endocrine system epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the a. thyroid gland b. pituitary gland c. parathyroids d. adrenal glands e. pancreas d. adrenal glands if a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ______ into your bloodstream a. endorphins b. acetylcholine c. seratonin d. epinephrine e. insulin d. epinephrine which endocrine gland reulates body growth? a. parathyroid b. adrenal c. thyroid d. pituitary e. pancreas d. pituitary at the age of 22, mrs lablanc was less than 4 feet tall. her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the 10 / 37 a. pancreas b. thyroid c. adrenal gland d. pituitary gland e. myelin d. pituitary gland the master gland of the endocrine system is the a. thyroid gland b. adrenal gland c. pituitary gland d. pancreas e. hypothalamus c. pituitary gland mandy came home late. as she reached to turn on the kitchen light, her hand brushed against something unexpected. her adrenal glands, as a part of the "fight-or-flight" response, release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increased her heart rate and blood pressure. even after she realized it was just the curtain, her excited feelings lingered. this example illustrates e. that endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural a. how chemicals can amplify or black a neurotransmitter's activity messages that a resting axon has gates that block positive sodium ions c. how the myelin sheath insulates and increases the speed of neural messages d. the all-or-none response in neural firing e. that endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages at puberty, the hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH), causing the secretion of gonadotropins by the pituitary gland. these hormones cause the ovaries to produce estrogen and testes to produce testosterone. as the levels of these hormones rise, they shut down the release of GnRH and the gonadotropins. this example illustrates the a. feedback systems connecting the brain and endocrine systems a. feedback systems connecting the brain and endocrine systems b. information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain c. role of agonists and antagonists in the nervous system d. reflex pathways running through the spinal cord e. combined signals of excitatory and inhibitory connections sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan a. EEG b. CT c. fMRI d. PET e. MRI a. EEG surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n) a. endorphin b. EEG c. synapse d. lesion e. MRI d. lesion a brain lesion refers to ______ of brain tissue a. electrical stimulation b. x-ray photography c. radioactive bombardment d. destruction e. development d. destruction the best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n) a. EEG b. MRI c. PET scan b. MRI 11 / 37 d. brain lesion e. x-ray the concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n) a. MRI b. brain lesion c. EEG d. PET scan e. hemispherectomy d. PET scan to identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would by most likely to make use of a(n) a. fMRI b. hemispherectomy c. ACh agonist d. brain lesion e. MRI a. fMRI what is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan a. MRI scans are able to show internal structures of the brain, fMRI scans can also show external structures b. MRI scans use x-rays, fMRI scans use gamma rays c. MRI scans measure glucose levels in the brain, fMRI scans show structure and activity levels e. MRI scans measure brain wave activity, fMRI scans use a series of x-ray images to show structural details d. MRI scans show structural detail of the brain, fMRI shows structure and activity levels which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific areas, such as movement or speech a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b. computed tomography (CT) c. electroencephalogram (EEG) d. positron emission tomography (PET) e. lesion d. positron emission tomography (PET) in creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b. computed tomography (CT) c. electroencephalogram (EEG) d. functional MRI (fMRI) e. lesion d. functional MRI (fMRI) the sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is a. limbic system; brainstem; cerebral cortex b. brainstem; cerebral cortex; limbic system c. limbic system; cerebral cortex; brainstem d. brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex e. cerebral cortex; brainstem; limbic system d. brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex you life yould be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. angular gyrus d. corpus callosum e. medulla e. medulla which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla a. reticular formation 12 / 37 b. hippocampus c. pons d. thalamus e. hypothalamus c. pons the medulla is to the control of _______ as the cerebellum is to the control of _______ a. eating; sleeping b. breathing; walking c. emotion; motivation d. memory; attention e. hearing; seeing b. breathing; walking in which brain structure are nerves form the left side of the brain routed to the right side of the body a. thalamus b. cerebellum c. amygdala d. brainstem e. hippocampus d. brainstem the reticular formation is located in the a. brainstem b. limbic system c. sensory cortex d. motor cortex e. cerebellum a. brainstem severing a cat's regicular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to a. become violently agressive b. cower in fear c. experience convulsive seizures d. lapse into a coma e. become sexually preoccupied d. lapse into a coma which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. hypothalamus d. amygdala e. medulla a. reticular formation your ability to experience physical sensations is most likely to be discupted by damage to your a. corpus callosum b. angular gyrus c. hippocampus d. amygdala e. thalamus e. thalamus which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex a. thalamus b. amygdala c. medulla d. hippocampus e. cerebellum a. thalamus which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. pons d. thalamus e. medulla d. thalamus 13 / 37 the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the a. limbic system b. corpus callosum c. cerebellum d. reticular formation e. thalamus c. cerebellum ellen volunteers during her ap psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. while her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. however, when she closes her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements a. hypothalamus b. reticular formation c. thalamus d. amygdala e. cerebellum e. cerebellum after kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. kato is most likely to have difficulty a. experiencing intense emotions b. reading printed words c. understanding what others are saying d. tasting the flavors of foods e. playing his guitar e. playing his guitar we are usually least consciously aware of the processes and functions of which brain structure a. cerebral cortex b. motor cortex c. sensory cortex d. brainstem e. broca's area d. brainstem thinking about sex (in your brain's cerebral cortex) can stimulate a region of the liminc system to secrete hormones. these hormones trigger the pituitary gland to incluence hormones released by other glands in the body. which brain region influences the endocrine system a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. thalamus d. reticular formation e. hypothalamus e. hypothalamus the neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the a. sensory cortex b. limbic system c. reticular formation d. peripheral nervous system e. cerebellum b. limbic system which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. hippocampus d. medulla e. cerebellum c. hippocampus to demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. medulla d. amygdala 14 / 37 d. amygdala e. thalamus which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear a. amygdala b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. medulla e. dendrite a. amygdala when the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing and arching its back. which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by such stimulation a. somatic b. parasympathetic c. central d. sympathetic e. sensorimotor d. sympathetic if professor kosiba lesions the amygdala of a laboratory rat, the rat will most likely become a. hungry b. sexually aroused c. physically uncoordinated d. less aggressive e. aphasic d. less aggressive the brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the a. cerebellum b. amygdala c. reticular formation d. hypothalamus e. medulla d. hypothalamus the secretions of the pituitary gland are most directly regulated by the a. reticular formation b. hypothalamus c. amygdala d. cerebellum e. thalamus b. hypothalamus addictive drug cravins are likely to be associated with reward centers in the a. thalamus b. cerebellum c. reticular formation d. limbic system e. angular gyrus d. limbic system olds and milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the a. sensory cortex b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum d. medulla e. amygdala b. hypothalamus animal research has revealed a general reward system that triggers the release of the neurotransmitter a. ACh b. GABA c. dopamine d. epinephrine e. serotonin c. dopamine 15 / 37 the thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the a. cerebellum b. corpus callosum c. reticular formation d. cerebral cortex e. sensory cortex d. cerebral cortex your conscious awareness of your own name and self- identity depends primarily on the normal function of your a. cerebellum b. amygdala c. hypothalamus d. sympathetic nervous system e. cerebral cortex e. cerebral cortex nerve cells in the brain recieve life- supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from a. glial cells b. neurotransmitters c. motor neurons d. hormones e. sensory neurons a. glial cells one function of the glial cells is to a. control hearbeat and breathing b. mimic the effects of neurotransmitters c. provide nutrients to interneurons d. stimulate the production of hormones e. control the muscle movements involved in speech c. provide nutrients to interneurons the surgical removal of a large tumor from dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. dane is most likely to suffer some loss of a. muscular coordination b. language comprehension c. visual perception d. speaking ability e. pain sensations c. visual perception the occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to _________ a. hearing; sensing movement b. seeing; sensing touch c. sensing pleasure; sensing pain d. seeing; hearing e. speaking; hearing d. seeing; hearing the parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to _______ a. hearing; speaking b. sensing touch; seeing c. sensing pleasure; sensing pain d. tasting; smelling e. speaking; seeing b. sensing touch; seeing which lobes of the brain recieve the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back a. parietal b. temporal c. occipital d. frontal e. cerebral a. parietal which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo a. temporal lobes 16 / 37 b. parietal lobes c. occipital lobes d. frontal lobes e. association areas c. occipital lobes in 1848, phineas gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. the one friendly, soft-spoken gage became irritable and dishonest. gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior a. temporal lobes b. sensory cortex c. frontal lobes d. parietal lobes e. broca's area c. frontal lobes an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the a. angular gyrus b. hypothalamus c. motor cortex d. reticular formation e. frontal association area c. motor cortex direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in a. feelings of anger b. acceleration of heartbeat c. a sensation of being touched on the arm d. movement of the mouth and lips e. intense pain d. movement of the mouth and lip to trigger a person's hand to make a fist, jose' delgado stimulated the individual's a. motor cortex b. hypothalamus c. sensory cortex d. reticular formation e. limbic system a. motor cortex while mapping the motor cortex, researchers foerster and penfield found that a. although the mind's subsystems are localized in specific brain regions, the brain acts like a unified whole b. damage to a specific area in the left frontal lobe disrupted c. body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest speech ability amount of cortical space c. body areas requiring the greatest control occupied the greatest amount of cortical body space d. if one part of the brain is damaged, the brain will compensate by putting other areas to work e. our brain processes most information out of our awareness by simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. this best illustrates a. neurogenesis b. constraint-induced therapy c. neural prosthetics d. magnetic resonance imaging e. hemispheric specialization c. neural prosthetics the sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of a. taste b. sight c. hearing d. touch e. smell d. touch 17 / 37 which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs a. amygdala b. motor cortex c. sensory cortex d. hypothalamus e. broca's area c. sensory cortex our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following a. more neurotransmitters are released with the lips are touched b. a larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips c. the dendrites connected to our lips are especially sensitive b. a larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips d. the medulla routes impulses from the lips directly to our brainstem e. our lips are directly connected to the sensory cortex, but our knees are not the auditory hallucinations experiences by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area a. motor cortex b. amygdala c. temporal lobes d. hypothalamus e. sensory cortex c. temporal lobes a PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure a. sensory cortex b. broca's area c. corpus callosum d. occipital lopes e. frontal lobes d. occipital lobes the association areas are located in the a. spinal cord b. brainstem c. thalamus d. limbic system e. cerebral cortex e. cerebral cortex the cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as a. interneurons b. broca's area c. frontal lobes d. association areas e. parietal lobes d. association areas the most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the a. reticular formation b. medulla c. sensory areas d. cerebellum e. association areas e. association areas the region of your cerebral cortex that most likely enalbes you to recognize a person as your own mother is a. wernike's area b. the limbic system c. the angular gyrus d. broca's area e. an association area e. an association area 18 / 37 a stroke patient can recognize the sound of his wife's voice but cannot recognize her fave when she stands next to her. which brain region has most likely been damaged a. the visual cortex in the occipital lobe b. the underside of the right temporal lobe c. wernike's area in the left temporal lobe d. the hippocampus in the limbic system e. the reticular formation in the brainstem b. the underside of the right temporal lobe after he suffered a stroke, mr. santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusualy difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. it is most likely that mr. santore suffered damage to his a. cerebellum b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. association areas e. autonomic nervous system d. association areas the process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the a. limbic system b. sensory cortex c. reticular formation d. association areas e. sympathetic nervous system d. association areas when asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a patient replied, "mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the two boys looking the other part." which brain region has most likely been damaged a. broca's area b. angular gyrus c. corpus callosum d. wernike's area e. parietal lobes d. wernike's area in 1861, paul broca studies a stroke patient he called "tan". he was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. based on broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production a. angular gyrus b. left temporal lobe c. sensory cortex d. left frontal lobe e. auditory cortex d. left frontal lobe someone who has difficulty speaking after a stroke is suffering from which of the following a. neurogenesis b. lesion c. aphasia d. angular gyrus e. interneurons c. aphasia which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech a. sensory cortex b. angular gyrus c. association areas d. broca's areas e. hypothalamus d. broca's area which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech 19 / 37 a. sensory cortex b. angular gyrus c. association areas d. wernike's area e. hypothalamus d. wernike's area if a blind person uses one finger to read braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. this is an examples of a. brain plasticity b. hemispheric specialization c. neural prosthetics d. integrated association areas e. aphasia a. brain plasticity the capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain a. tomography b. phrenology c. hemispherectomy d. aphasia e. plasticity e. plasticity teaching a patient to regain the use of an impaired limb by limiting his or her use of the good limb is called a. functioning magnetic resonance imaging b. constraint-induced therapy c. neural prosthetics d. phrenology e. congitive neuroscience b. constraint-induced therapy a person whose hand had been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent fingers with his face was stroked. this best illustrates the consequences of a. tomography b. brain plasticity c. lateralization d. hemispherectomy e. aphasia b. brain plasticity the benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in a. children who have has a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed b. people paralyzed by a severed spinal cord c. individuals with alzheimer's disease d. adults with aphasia e. people free of any disease or brain damage a. children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed the goal of constraint-induced therapy is to a. eliminate epileptic seizures by cutting the corpus callosum b. rewire damaged brains by forcing patients to use a nonfunctioning limb c. trigger release of dopamine in specific brain regions associated b. rewire damaged brains by forcing patients to use a nonfunctionwith reward centers ing limb d. help those in whom damage to the angular gyrus has left them unable to read aloud e. destroy tiny clusters of defective cells, leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed after terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to recieving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjecent fingers. this best illustrates a. phrenology b. aphasia c. hemispherectomy 20 / 37 d. plasticity d. plasticity e. tomography when stoyka was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. stoyka is now a successful high school student who lives a normal life. her success best illustrates the importance of a. aphasia b. reuptake c. phrenology d. tomography e. plasticity e. plasticity recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. what is this process called? a. plasticity b. reuptake c. neurogenesis d. reticular formation e. myelin cells c. neurogenesis physical excercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote a. phrenology b. neurogenesis c. hemispherectomy d. reward deficiency syndrome e. plasticity b. neurogenesis the ability to recognize faces with the right hemisphere but not the left hemisphere best illustrates a parkinson's disease b. neurogenesis c. plasticity d. lateralization e. aphasia d. lateralization the localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called a. neurogenesis b. lateralization c. hemispherectomy d. plasticity e. reticular formation b. lateralization information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the a. medulla b. corpus callosum c. angular gyrus d. limbic system e. reticular formation b. corpus callosum psychologist michael gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE-ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. when asked, patients said they saw a. HE b. ART c. HEART d. EA e. nothing. they were unable to complete the task b. ART psychologist michael gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE-ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. when asked to point to the work 21 / 37 with their left hand, patients pointed to a. HE b. ART c. HEART d. EA e. nothing. they were unable to complete the task a. HE split-brain patients have had their _________ surgically cut a. hippocampus b. limbic system c. corpus callosum d. sensory cortex e. reticular formation c. corpus callosum neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce a. aphasia b. epileptic seizures c. depression d. neural plasticity e. reward deficiency syndrome b. epileptic seizures a picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. the individual will be able to use her a. right hand to indicate she saw a cat b. left hand to indicate she saw a mouse c. right hand to indicate she saw a mouse d. left or right hand to indicate she saw a cat e. left or right hand to indicate she was a mouse c. right had to indicate she saw a mouse a picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split brain patient. at the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. in identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to a. use her left hand to point to a picture of a god b. verbally report that she saw a dog c. use her left hand to point to a picture of a boy d. verbally report that she saw a boy e. communicate that she saw a picture of a boy with a dog d. verbally report that she was a boy the ability to simulaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose _______ had been cut a. angular gyrus b. reticular formation c. corpus callosum d. motor cortex e. sensory cortex c. corpus callosum in a recent car accident, tamiko sustained damaged to his right cerebral hemisphere. this injury is most likely to reduce tamiko's ability to a. facially express emotions b. solve arithmetic problems c. understand simple verbal requests d. process information in an orderly sequence e. control his aggression a. facially express emotions damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduced people's ability to a. speak fluently b. copy drawings c. recognize faces d. recognize familiar melodies e. see colors a. speak fluently 22 / 37 if primed with the flash word 'foot' the _______ will be especially quick to recognize the word 'heel'. if primed with 'foot', 'cry', and 'glass', the ______ will be especially quick to recognize the word 'cut' a. right hemisphere; left hemisphere b. left hemisphere; right hemisphere c. cerebellum; brainstem d. left hemisphere; left hemisphere e. sensory cortex; speech cortex b. left hemisphere; right hemisphere a failure to recognize that one's arm or leg is part of one's self is most likely to be associated with damage to the a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. right hemisphere d. sympathetic nervous system e. left hemisphere c. right hemisphere deaf people who use sign language typically a. demonstrate greater mathematical competence than hearing persons b. process language in their left cerebral hemisphere c. recognize facial expressions of emotion with their left rather than their right cerebral hemisphere d. have a smaller corpus callosum than hearing persons e. process language in the right hemisphere rather than the left b. process language in their left cerebral hemisphere someone trying to figure out an optical illusion is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure a. left hemisphere b. thalamus c. reticular formation d. right hemisphere e. medulla d. right hemisphere someone trying to add a long series of three digit numbers is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure a. left hemisphere b. thalamus c. reticular formation d. right hemisphere e. medulla a. left hemisphere which brain structure might be most active when answering the question "what do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?" a. amygdala b. reticular formation c. brainstem d. left hemisphere e. right hemisphere e. right hemisphere a patient who suffered a stroke says she no longer recognizes herself in a mirror. which brain structure was likely damaged in the stroke a. occipical lobes b. temporal lobes c. left hemisphere d. right hemisphere e. reticular formation d. right hemisphere researchers use dichotic learning tasks to investigate right-left differences in an intact brain. in this task a different verbal stimulus is presented simultaneously to each ear. findings suggest that participants more quickly recall information heard by the right ear. 23 / 37 this suggests that a. the right hemisphere excels in making inferences b. the left hemisphere outperforms the right in perceptual tasks c. the right hemisphere is the major hemisphere d. the left hemisphere is dominant in language processing e. to the brain, language is language d. the left hemisphere is dominant in language processing a french psychiatrist joseph capgras described a patient who reported that imposters had replaced her hisband, children and herself. her inability to recognize the faces of her close family members or herself suggests that the a. right hemisphere of her brain was damaged b. corpus callosum had been severed c. thalamus in the brainstem was not functioning properly d. angular gyrus was compromised leading to aphasia e. left temporal love was injured a. right hemisphere of her brain was damaged research on left-handedness suggests that a. genes or prenatal factors play a role in handedness b. a greater proportion of women than men are left-handed c. left- handers generally demonstrate less artistic competence than right-handers d. most left-handers process language primarily in their right hemisphere e. left-handers live longer than right-handers a. genes or prenatal factors play a role in handedness consciousness is a. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember b. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information c. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory d. our awareness of ourselves and our environment e. brain waves that indicate we are not reactive to a stimulus d. our awareness of ourselves and our environemt what is the interdisciplinary study of how brain activity is linked with our mental processes called? a. social-cultural perspective b. psychodynamic perspective c. cognitive neuroscience d. industrial-organizational psychology e. biopsychosocial approach c. cognitive neuroscience which kind of psychological researcher would be most interested in the research question, "do people who lost most of their cerebral cortex in an accident still exhibit signs of consciousness?" a. behaviorist b. development psychologist c. social-cultural researcher d. cognitive neuroscientist e. biopsychosocial researcher d. cognitive neuroscientist when looking at a flying bird, we are consciously aware of our cognitive processing ("its a bird") but not of our subconscous processing of the bird's form, color, distance, and movement. this illustrates what psychologists call a. dual processing b. serial processing c. brain plasticity d. selective attention e. cognitive neuroscience a. dual processing someone skilled at word processing thinks several letters ahead while typing, where as a beginner must focus on one letter at a time. a novice is most likely using _______ to complete the task a. conscious serial processing b. the right hemisphere c. the limbic system a. conscious serial processing 24 / 37 d. unconscious parallel processing e. the reticular formation which of the following describes evidence for the brain's dual-processing ability a. the right occipital lobe perceives stimuli from our left visual field b. the corpus callosum allows impulses to travel between the two hemispheres c. the brainstem keeps our heart beating while the cerebral cortex c. the brainstem keeps our heart beating while the cerebral cortex maintains awareness of the outside world maintains awareness of the outside world d. the amygdala shares responsibility for some basic emotions with the hypothalamus and endocrine system e. the cerebral cortex is divided into two sets of loves on each hemisphere which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that "much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside out conscious awareness" a. dual processing b. cerebral cortex c. reticular formation d. interneurons e. limbic system a. dual processing research into dual processing provides partial evidence for levels of consciousness similar to the levels first described by which psychologist a. B.F. skinner b. wilhelm wundt c. sigmund freud d. mary calkins e. edward titchener c. sigmund freud the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as a. epigenetics b. evolutionary psychology c. behavior genetics d. natural selection e. genome research c. behavior genetics assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to a. evolutionary psychologists b. humanistic psychologists c. behavior geneticists d. freudian psychologists e. psychometricians c. behavior geneticists a behavior geneticist would be most interested in studying hereditary influences on a. skin color b. sexual anatomy c. physical attractiveness d. personality traits e. emotional stability d. personality traits when people discuss the "nature vs nurture" controversy, nature refers to _______ and nurture refers to ________ a. genes; heredity b. chromosomes; genetics c. biology; environment d. DNA; hormones e. thinking; behavior c. biology; environment the threadlike structures that contain genes are called a. synapses 25 / 37 b. hormones c. neurons d. chromosomes e. genomes d. chromosomes a human sperm cell contains a. 23 chromosomes b. 23 genes c. 46 chromosomes d. 46 genes e. 92 DNA strands a. 23 chromosomes chromosomes are composed of a. hormones b. synapses c. nuclei d. neurotransmitters e. deoxyribonucleic acid e. deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is a compled a. sex horomne b. aciton potential c. molecule d. synapse e. neuron c. molecule a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a a. gene b. mutation c. chromosome d. hormone e. neurotransmitter a. gene chromosomes are located within human a. cells b. genes c. neurotransmitters d. molecules e. unconscious a. cells the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are called a. genes b. genomes c. epigenetics d. neurotransmitters e. heredity a. genes depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either a. nature or nurture b. active or inactive c. identical or fraternal d. chromosomes or genomes e. sperm or eggs b. active or inactive put the following terms in order, from smallest to largest a. chromosomes, genes, DNA b. genes, chromosomes, DNA c. DNA, genes, chromosomes d. DNA, chromosomes, genes e. genes, DNA, chromosomes e. genes, DNA, chromosomes the information carried in a gene is expressed as a. the genome b. DNA c. a chromosome d. a protein 26 / 37 d. a protein e. a cell the complete set of genetic instructions in an organism's chromosomes is called a. heritability index b. DNA molecule c. genome d. schema e. zygote c. genome the genome is the complete a. collection of sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes b. range of traits that contribute to reproductive success c. set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes d. set of interaction between genes and environments e. collection of genetic and hormonal influences on behavior c. set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes identical twins originate from the fertilization of a. a single egg cell by a single sperm cell b. two egg cells by a single sperm cell c. a single egg cell by two sperm cells d. two egg cells by two sperm cells e. either two egg cells or two sperm cells a. a single egg cell by a single sperm cell fraternal twins originate from the fertilization of a. a single egg cell by a single sperm cell b. two egg cells by a single sperm cell c. a single egg cell by two sperm cells d. two egg cells by two sperm cells e. a divided egg cell and one sperm cell d. two egg cells by two sperm cells twin studies suggest that alzheimer's disease is influenced by a. hormones b. nurture c. heredity d. natural selection e. environment c. heredity compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are a. less likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion b. more likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion c. more likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion d. less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion e. less likely to be the same sex and equally likely to be similar in extraversion d. less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ______ in personality development a. natural selection b. mutation c. adoptive relatives d. home environments e. genetic predispositions e. genetic predispositions when the "Jim twins," identical twins separated at birth, were reunited 38 years later, suprising similarities were discovered. although they had married women of the same name, named their sons and dogs the same names, one should be cautions before attributing these similarities to genetic factors becayse a. most twin studies have not been replicated b. the jim twins were raised in completely different environments d. any two strangers are likely to share coincidental similaries 27 / 37 c. many fraternal twins show greater psychological differences d. any two strangers are likely to share coincidental similarities e. genes influence physical not psychological characteristics twin studies suggest that a strong influence on emotional instability comes from a. genetic predispositions b. the Y chromosome c. natural selection d. the X chromosome e. mutation a. genetic predispositions identical twins separated at birth would be most likely to have similar a. political ideas b. religious beliefs c. personality d. norms e. food preferences c. personality although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautions about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because a. the twins may have been raised in completely different environments b. genetic factors influence physical, not psychological, characteristics c. any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities d. many fraternal twins have been shown to be psychologically different from each other e. most twin studies have not been replicated or validates c. any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities adpoted children are mole likely to demonstrate levels of agreeableness and extraversion, more similar to that of their biological parents than their adoptive parents. this finding suggests that personality traits are most strongly influenced by a. genes than by heredity b. home environment than by genes c. environmental relatives than by genetic relatives d. nurture than by nature e. genes than by the home environment e. genes than by the home environment the personalities of adopted children a. are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive families b. are very similar to the personalities of their biologically related siblings c. are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents c. are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents d. are more similar to the personalities of their caregiving adoptive parents than to the personalities of their biological parents e. are usually not related to their temperaments Research most clearly suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by a. genes than by home environment b. home environment than by genes c. genes than by peers d. home environment than by peers e. genes than by heredity a. genes than by home environment The home environment most clearly has a greater influence on children's _____ than on their _____ a. personality; political attitudes b. extraversion; table manners c. religious beliefs; personality traits c. religious beliefs; personality traits 28 / 37 d. DNA; genes e. shyness; social group Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the _____ of their adopted children a. adult height b. political attitudes c. adult weight d. extraversion e. personality b. political attitudes To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of a. cloning b. natural selection c. interaction d. twin studies e. DNA d. twin studies A researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a(n) a. humanist b. evolutionary psychologist c. behavior geneticist d. social psychologist e. behaviorist c. behavior geneticist Heritability refers to the extent to which a. unrelated individuals share common genes b. genetic mutations can be transmitted to one's offspring c. trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations d. adult personality is determined by infant personality e. nurture controls a trait rather than nature c. trait differences attributable to genetic variations Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in personality? a. Ruth and Ramona, identical twins b. Philip and Paul, fraternal twins c. Larry and Laura, brother and sister d. Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son e. Elizabeth and Betsy, mother and daughter a. ruth and ramona, identical twins Why is it incorrect to say that 50 percent heritability of intelligence means that the cause of your intelligence is 50 percent genetic and 50 percent environmental? a. because heritability accounts for variations among people, not in specific individuals a. because heritability accounts for variations among people, not b. because nurture controls intelligence levels, not nature in specific individuals c. because unrelated individuals share common genes d. because genes are the basis for our behavior, environment has no impact e. because heritability increases as environments change Gender differences in heritable personality traits cannot necessary be attributed to male-female genetic differences because a. physical maturation proceeds at a different rate for males and females b. variations in personality contribute to gender differences c. heritable traits can be influenced by social environments d. males and females are also affected by their different sex hormones e. chromosomal adaptation has not been accounted for Two plants are grown under the same environmental conditions, including the same soil conditions and the same amount of light and water, but one grows to 2 feet tall and the other is 1 foot tall. In this case, the heritability would be closest to 29 / 37 c. heritable traits can be influenced by social environments a. 5 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 80 percent e. 95 percent e. 95 percent An African butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a temperature-controlled genetic switch. This best illustrates that genes are a. DNA b. self-regulating c. chromosomes d. protein molecules e. evolving b. self-regulating The diversity of human traits is enabled by our shared a. individualism b. chromosomes c. natural selection d. adaptive capacity e. genome d. adaptive capacity Many genes respond to environmental conditions, reacting to different environmental contexts in different ways. This characteristic of genes is called what? a. chromosomes b. genotype c. heritability d. self-regulation e. evolution d. self-regulation The unique personalities of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the _____ of nature and nurture a. mutation b. evolution c. interaction d. heritability e. independence c. interaction Because Marla is the first girl in her fourth-grade class to sexually mature, she is sometimes teased and rejected by her classmates. Marla's sense of social isolation and embarrassment result from the interaction of a. chromosomes b. nature and nurture c. DNA and genes d. genomes e. home environment and school environment b. nature and nurture People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates a. the impact of personality on gender identity b. the ideas about gender and social roles are complementary c. the interaction of nature and nurture d. the reciprocal influence of norm sand roles e. the importance of nurture rather than nature c. the interaction of nature and nurture Epigenetics refers to the a. influences tha affect our mating decisions b. factors that trigger us to behave aggressively towards others c. the study of how men and women respond to sex hormones d. the way that genes solely create our personalities e. the study of how the environment triggers genetic expression e. the study of how the environment triggers genetic expression 30 / 37 Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of a. humanism b. behaviorism c. naturalistic observation d. natural selection e. genome mapping d. natural selection Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted a. reproductive success b. personal happiness c. cultural diversity d. heritability e. behavior genetics a. reproductive success If a genetic predisposition to fear darkness contributes to reproductive success, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates a. epigenetics b. behavior genetics c. self-regulation d. natural selection e. nurture d. natural selection The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of a. epigenetics b. natural selection c. behavior genetics d. self-regulation e. environment b. natural selection Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of a. humanistic psychology b. psychotherapy c. self-regulation d. natural selection e. interaction d. natural selection The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as a. self-regulation b. behavior genetics c. natural selection d. heritability e. nurture c. natural selection Natural selection acts on a. proteins b. cells c. individuals d. siblings e. populations e. populations The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a specific environment is known as a. heritability b. behavior genetics c. natural selection d. genome e. cloning c. natural selection Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human 31 / 37 a. naturalistic observation b. genetic mutations c. behavior correlations d. reproductive success e. prenatal development d. reproductive success Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of a. heritability b. selective mating c. gene splicing d. hormone injections e. training b. selective mating Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted a. collectivism b. reproductive success c. personal happiness d. cultural diversity e. individualism b. reproductive success If a genetic predisposition to fear darkness contributes to reproductive success, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates a. mutation b. psychopathology c. behavior genetics d. environment e. natural selection e. natural selection According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be a. socially prohibited b. genetically predisposed c. ecologically disruptive d. disease-producing e. learned by association b. genetically predisposed A random error in gene replication is known as a a. DNA b. genome c. mutation d. natural selection e. heritability c. mutation Our adaptive flexibility in responding to different environments contributes to our fitness, which refers to a. random errors in the replication of genes b. the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes c. our ability to survive and reproduce d. the interaction of our genes with the environment e. our resistance to genetic mutations c. our ability to survive and reproduce An adaptation is an inherited physical or behavioral characteristic that a. increases an organism's chance for survival b. is ecologically disruptive c. enables an organism to control its environment d. may or may not benefit the organism e. has no effect on fitness a. increases an organism's chance for survival How do evolutionary psychologists explain why pregnant women from cultures across the world tend to avoid bitter, strongly flavored foods? a. Most cultures educate women about the dangers of certain 32 / 37 foods on a developing fetus b. Women and men have genetic differences in taste preferences c. Bitter tastes can be an indication of foods toxic toward a developing baby, so this preference developed through natural c. bitter tastes can be an indication of foods toxic toward a develselection oping baby, so this preference developed through natural selection d. Pregnant women tend to associate with one another and they acquire similar food preferences through social conformity e. Historical preferences toward or against certain tastes tend to change as cultures change According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be a. socially prohibited b. genetically predisposed c. ecologically disruptive d. disease-producing e. hormonally adaptive b. genetically predisposed An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foods a. have hindered human reproduction b. are genetically predisposed c. correlate to climate conditions d. vary widely across cultures e. are not passed genetically to children b. are genetically predisposed According to evolutionary psychologists, our predisposition to over consume fatty junk foods illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in ways that promotes the _____ of our ancestors a. mutation b. heredity c. reproductive success d. neuroticism e. intelligence c. reproductive success Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that a. more people are biologically predisposed to fear guns than to fear snakes b. children are more likely to be valued by their biological fathers than by their stepfathers b. children are more likely to be valued by their biological fathers c. people are the most romantically attracted to those who are the than by their stepfathers most genetically dissimilar to themselves d. genetic predispositions have little effect on our social relationships e. environmental influences are more deterministic than genetic influences Compared with women, men are _____ likely to sacrifice to gain sex and _____ likely to perceive warm responses as a sexual come-on a. less; more b. more; less c. not; less d. more; more e. not; more d. more; more Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is time-consuming. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) _____ theory of sexual behavior a. evolutionary b. social learning c. Freudian 33 / 37 a. evolutionary d. behaviorist e. humanistic Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in attitudes toward sex to the fact that men have _____ than do women a. larger bodies b. stronger personalities c. a weaker sense of empathy d. greater reproductive potential e. more insecurities d. greater reproductive potential Brittla frequents only the most expensive clubs in an effort to attract a desirable mate. According to evolutionary psychologists, Brittla's behavior is a product of a. mutation b. behaviorism c. her upbringing d. genetic predispositions e. social pressure d. genetic predispositions Professor Archibald suggests that men are more likely than women to initiate recreational sex because this has historically served to be a more successful reproductive strategy for men than for women. The professor's suggestion best illustrates a(n) _____ theory b. evolutionary a. social learning b. evolutionary c. behaviorist d. Freudian e. cognitive Males in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves a. teens b. twenties c. thirties d. forties e. fifties a. teens Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that men are _____ likely than women to prefer mates with a fertile-looking appearance and _____ likely than women to prefer mates with wealth and social status a. more; more b. less; less c. more; less d. less; more e. more; equally c. more; less Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that men will marry women who are _____ than they are a. less wealthy b. less physically attractive c. more sexually experienced d. younger e. more aggressive toward sexual rivals d. younger Women are most likely to be sexually attracted to men who seem a. shy and reserved b. emotionally reactive and intense c. interested in recreational sex d. mature and affluent e. extraverted and dependent d. mature and affluent 34 / 37 Researchers found that women rated men higher as potential long-term mates when they spent more time looking at baby pictures. This finding suggests that a. women are drawn to youthful, healthy appearing men b. women prefer men who express interest in caring for joint offspring c. men approach sex as being more relational d. women have a lower threshold for perceiving warm responses as sexual e. men are less attracted to women who are likely to reproduce b. women prefer men who express interest in caring for joint offspring Research suggests that young men prefer older women, mid-twenties men prefer women their own age, and older men prefer younger women. Based on this finding, evolutionary psychologists suggest that men a. view sex as being more relational b. are attracted to women with peak fertility c. prefer mates who are interested in long-term relationships d. have a higher threshold for perceiving warm responses as sexual e. are less concerned with sending their genes into the future b. are attracted to women with peak fertility Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that women prefer monogamy and men promiscuity in ensuring the survival of their genetic material. However, monogamous relationships can also be explained using an evolutionary perspective. This best illustrates which of the following criticisms of evolutionary psychology? a. Evolutionary psychology justifies traditional sexist attitudes b. Evolutionary psychology undercuts moral responsibility for hu- d. evolutionary psychology works backward to propose and explaman behavior nation; thus, any behavior can be explained c. Evolutionary psychology is based on a fatal flaw; just because a trait exists it doesn't mean it is adaptive d. Evolutionary psychology works backward to propose an explanation; thus, any behavior can be explained e. Evolutionary psychology assumes that human behavior has been stable long enough for it to evolve Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized for a. providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors b. failing to consider unconscious motivations c. overemphasizing humans' capacity to learn and adapt to a variety of environments d. underestimating gender differences in mate selection e. overestimating cultural differences in human sexual behaviors Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it underestimates the a. impact of genetic predispositions on human sexual behavior b. impact of cultural expectation on human sexual behavior c. variety of traits that contribute to reproductively successful behaviors d. extent to which certain gender differences in sexual behavior are common to all cultures e. number of human traits influenced by genetics a. providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors b. impact of cultural expectation on human sexual behavior Which of the following fictional research findings is the best evidence against the idea that "biology is destiny"? a. Early humans gradually developed aversions to bitter-tasting foods because many poisons were bitter b. Babies are born with the ability to turn away from frightening c. cognitive therapy can help people change unwanted personality stimuli traits c. Cognitive therapy can help people change unwanted personality traits d. Testosterone levels are associated with incarceration rates e. Women have larger and more active brain structures than men 35 / 37 Which of the following fictional research findings is the best evidence against the idea that "our lives are determined by our experiences"? a. Babies are born with personalities that are relatively stable throughout their lives b. IQ scores can change drastically (more than one standard deviation) after children are provided enriched environments c. Reinforcements, like praise from caregivers, are the most powerful motivator for most children d. The political opinions of adopted children are closer to those of their adopted parents than those of their biological parents e. Extremely stressful experiences can change overall optimistic explanatory styles into more pessimistic styles a. babies are born with personalities that are relatively stable throughout their lives According to opinion polls, how do scientists and nonscientists react differently to the idea of evolution? a. Scientists are mostly (66%) agreed that evolution is a valid theory, and most nonscientists believe evolution describes the natural world well b. There is widespread consensus among scientists that evolution b. there is widespread consensus among scientists that evolution is scientific fact, but half of U.S. adults do not believe in evolution is scientific fact, but half of U.S. adults do not believe in evolution c. Most "hard" scientists, like physicists and chemists, think that evolutionary theory is unnecessarily complex, and most nonscientists agree d. Scientists and most nonscientists agree that evolutionary theory describes animal development well, but not human development e. Belief in evolutionary theory is split along religious lines among scientists and nonscientists How have gender roles in the United States changed over time? a. Gender roles have changed relatively little when measured using objective surveys b. Traditional masculine or feminine traits are not as significant in mate selection as they were in the past c. Biological factors were once thought to influence gender roles, b. traditional masculine and feminine traits are not as significant in but recent research indicates that genes do not influence gender mate selection as they were in the past roles d. Gender roles for women discouraged aggressive behavior in the past, but now women and men have equal rates of aggression e. The rate of women's participation in traditionally male occupations has not changed significantly in the past three decades Which statement best reflects current psychology's understanding of the relationship between nature and nurture? a. nature versus nurture b. nature or nurture c. nature alone d. nurture alone e. nature via nurture e. nature via nurture Which psychological perspective most directly addresses questions about the relative influences of nature and nurture? a. behavioral perspective b. humanistic perspective c. psychopharmacology d. cognitive perspective e. biopsychosocial perspective e. biopsychosocial persepctive Mamie is terrified of spiders. She tells her best friend, "Everybody in my family is afraid of spiders, so it must be genetic. " Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Mamie c. examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences should on fear a. reduce her experiences with spiders to her immediate sensations and feelings b. focus on possible unconscious motivations for her fears 36 / 37 c. examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on fear d. examine how fear is adaptive and has contributed to her ancestors' survival e. explore how her perceptions affect her fear of spiders 37 / 37