Psychology Test Week 1

theory ideas tested/proven to work theories need to based on clear rules/precision and clarity. terms must be specific operational definition specify operations/procedures that are used to measure a variable issues with operational definitons they can be hard to define/agree upon (empathy) sometimes definitions are not clear enough for researchers comprehensiveness theories differ in events they try to predict the more comprehensive they are the more vulnerable they will be testability theories must be tested and confirmed to show they are valid -research must show how they bring about a change in behaviour what happens if a hypothesis cannot be it can lead to development of new areas proven? and hypotheses usefulness has to help practitioners in their work help clients to function better w/o theory practitioners would constantly be reinventing the wheel theories give us a systematic way to assess problem and apply techniques giving us understanding, human behaveven though not all theories meet all criiour is too complex to only fit ONE theory teria, they can still help us by perfectly difference between psychotherapy and definition can fit both, hard to find agreecounselling ment on this interactions between client/counsellor purpose: help client deal with problems with aspects of disorders of thinking, emotional suffering, problems of behavior therapists use what to improve function- knowledge of theory of personality/psying? chotherapy attempts to differentiate the kind of people who use counselling vs psychotherapy other attempts to differentiate counselling vs psychotherapy counselling: normal people psychotherapy: severely disturbed but how do you actually differentiate these two?! What is normal? counselling: educational/informational psychotherapy: facilitative or hospitals vs school setting brief approaches to therapy refer to limit of session (no more than 20) time limited therapy theoretical approach that takes a certain number of sessions, eg 12 treatments that don't last longer than a year generally jungian, existential, person centered, gestalt therapies current trends with theories (they're always growing new ones challenge old ones) growth of treatment manuals evidence based treatments influence of constructivism on theory mindfulness treatment manuals -Guidelines for therapists for particular treatment of specific disorders -Describe skills and sequence for treatment. -usually used with cognitive and behavioral theories advantage of treatment manuals clear procedures instructions given for specific problems all therapists can check directions most recognized theories have manuals eg cognitive/behavioural/psychoanalytic evidence based treatment empirically supported treatment, efficacy studies determine that a therapy works, many a combo of cognitive and behavioral parts RCT Randomized controlled trial Being non-directive Let insight and goals come from the client, rather than dictating interpretations. a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens person-centered therapy lessens risk to client when used with unconditional pos regard i helps client grow necessary conditions for change psychological contact incongruence congruence and genuineness unconditional positive regard empathy 2 people in relationship that are capable psychological contact helps with change of impacting each other by presence (being emotionally engaged) incongruence helps with change by client must be in a state of psychological vulnerability, when in a state of distress it opens them to therapeutic relationship Congruence (genuineness) Consistency between the therapist's feelings and actions toward client unconditional positive regard according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person empathy to enter another's world without being influenced by own views and values, must have sufficient seperateness as to not get lost experiencing responsibility learn that the client is responsible for themselves experiencing the therapist client appreciates unconditional regard of therapist, feels cared for and accepted experiencing process of exploration caring and empathy of the therapist allows for change to develop client experiences honest and self awareness experiencing the self self exploration allows for deeper layers of personality to move forwards, the more they deal with anger/feelings they find themselves feeling more positive experiencing change a sense of progress even if they feel confused, clients bring up issues, sense them and move onto others when they feel enough positive self regard they consider ending therapy what makes counselling effective the relationship between client/therapist using evidence based techniques empathy unconditional postiive regard common factors approach A search for common elements across different theoretical systems. specific factors features that define a treatment and make it different from other kinds of factors -differences in terms of theoretical model of human behaviour -unique to style of therapy -model affects treatment factors Numbers needed to treat Number of patients who need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome. It is the inverse of Absolute Risk Reduction.