Joints Homework

JOINTS HW 1. Focus your attention on the section called Nonaxial movement in part (a) in Focus Figure 8.1. Sort the descriptive phrases, which describe either nonaxial movement or some other type of movement, into the appropriate bins. 2. Focus your attention on the section called Uniaxial movement in parts (b) and (c) in Focus Figure 8.1. Note there is movement on one axis only. Drag and drop the terms describing a characteristic of uniaxial movement or the location in which it is found to the appropriate blanks in the sentences. Terms may be used more than once. 3. Focus your attention on the section called Biaxial movement in parts (d) and (e) in Focus Figure 8.1. Note that there is movement in two axes. Sort the descriptions into the appropriate bins, which illustrate the types of biaxial movement. Descriptions may be placed into more than one bin. 4. Focus your attention on the section called Multiaxial movement in part (f) in Focus Figure 8.1. Which of the following represents a correct statement about multiaxial joints? a. The ball-and-socket joint permits only one angular motion. b. Movement in more than two axes is permitted in a multiaxial joint. c. The rounded end of the proximal metacarpal fitting into the distal surface of the carpal bone of the wrist is a classic ball-and-socket joint. d. The articulating surfaces in the multiaxial joint are a cylindrical bone and a trough-shaped bone. → The multiaxial joint has movement in three directions, around all three axes in space, permitting the most movement of any joint type. 5. Drag and drop the movement descriptions to the correct joint figure. 6. Drag and drop the labels onto the appropriate image of a type of joint. Each label will be used only once. 7. The Focus Figure of Synovial Joints has examined a number of types of movement and the joints in which they are located. Review the types you have studied, and select a true statement or characteristic of uniaxial movement in a representative joint. a. The dancer’s leg is lifted to a ballet bar b. A person curls his or her fingers, and the phalanges flex at the interphalangeal joints. c. A golfer swings at the ball on the tee d. A person bends over, and his or her vertebral processes move past one another. → Uniaxial hinge-type joints include those that are interphalangeal (between the fingers or toes), as well as that of the elbow. These exhibit flexion and extension. Another uniaxial joint is a cylindrical bone rotating along one axis in a sleeve-type opening, the pivot joint, as in atlas-axis (also known as atlantoaxial) rotation or the proximal radioulnar joints. Biaxial joints include the condylar joint, as found in the metacarpophalangeal joint, and the saddle joint, as found in the carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs. Congratulations on expanding your knowledge of joint classification by recognizing both movements permitted and the shapes of the articulating bones! 8. What element of fibrous joints gives the joint its ability to resist stretching and control the amount of movement at the joint? a. Collagen fibers b. Articular cartilage c. Elastic fibers d. Calcium 9. Which factor is likely to most likely to protect against shoulder dislocation? a. Rotator cuff muscles b. Glenohumeral ligaments c. Glenoid labrum d. Biceps brachii → Tendons of the rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) surround and provide stability to the shoulder joint. 10. Which joint has most notably sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement? a. Ankle b. Elbow c. Shoulder d. Knee → In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint in the body. The articulating bones provide minimal joint stability because of the size and "fit" of the articulating surfaces. The major stabilizing forces are soft tissue, in particular the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles (via muscle tone). 11. A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint. a. fibrous b. cartilaginous c. synovial d. Amphiarthrosis → Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage. Fibrocartilage holds together symphyses. 12. What factor does not contribute to the strength and stability of a synovial joint? a. The arrangement of ligaments b. The shape of the articular surfaces c. Synovial fluid d. Muscle tone JOINTS LAB PT. 1 1. Using the structural classification of joints, the shoulder is a ________ joint. a. Cartilaginous b. Synovial c. Fibrous 2. The articular cartilage in synovial joints best resembles ________. a. hyaline cartilage b. fibrocartilage c. elastic cartilage 3. Which statement is true about synovial joints? a. b. c. d. Pivot joints are biaxial. Hinge joints are biaxial. Ball and socket joints are multiaxial. Condyloid joints are uniaxial. 4. Flexion and extension are usually movements in the ________ plane(s) of the body. a. transverse b. frontal c. sagittal d. frontal, sagittal, and transverse 5. You are asked to demonstrate plantar flexion. To do this, you must move your ________. a. Knee b. Ankle c. Wrist d. Elbow 6. In this type of cartilaginous joint, bones are connected by fibrocartilage. The joint is amphiarthrotic. a. Syndesmosis b. Synchondrosis c. Symphysis d. Gomphosis 7. This joint of the body has the greatest range of movement. a. Knee b. Elbow c. Shoulder d. Hip 8. Which of the following will reduce friction in synovial joints? a. Articular cartilage, bursae, and synovial fluid b. Synovial fluid c. articular cartilage d. Bursae 9. What is true about the movement properties of the following joints? a. Fibrous joints permit no movement b. All synovial joints are freely movable c. Some synovial joints are freely movable d. Cartilaginous joints are freely movable 10. The biceps brachii muscle flexes the elbow. What could you do to make the elbow extend? a. Use the biceps, because the biceps will both flex and extend the elbow b. Contract a muscle on the posterior side of the elbow c. Contract another muscle next to the biceps on the anterior surface that will extend the elbow 11. Functional classification of joints is based on ________. a. the location of the joint b. the amount of movement allowed by the joint c. whether a joint cavity is present d. the size of the joint → Functional classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by a joint. Structural classification focuses on the material binding the bones together, and whether a joint cavity is present. 12. Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________. a. synovial joints b. Amphiarthroses c. Synarthroses d. Diarthroses 13. Synarthrotic joints ________. a. Have large joint cavities b. Are found only in adults c. Permit essentially no movement d. Are cartilaginous joints 14. Which of the following refers to a joint that is immovable? a. amphiarthrosis b. synarthrosis c. synovial d. Diarthrosis → Synarthroses are immovable joints and include sutures and syndesmoses. 15. All three joints in the below figure are classified as ______. a. fibrous joints b. synovial joints c. cartilaginous joints → In all three joints, bones are directly connected by dense fibrous tissue to form a joint lacking a cavity. 16. Which of these joints would be functionally classified as diarthrotic? a. A b. B c. C d. None of the listed responses is correct. → Diarthrotic describes freely movable joints such as those formed by synovial joints. 17. Which of the following is true regarding the structure indicated by the arrow in the joint depicted in A? a. It is classified as amphiarthrotic. b. It becomes ossified late in adult development. c. It is formed by a synovial membrane. d. It is composed of hyaline cartilage. → The dense connective tissue that originally forms sutures ossifies to form a synostoses during middle age. 18. The arrows in B and C point to structures that can both be described as a ______. a. Tendon b. Muscle c. Bone d. Ligament → The band of fibrous tissue that connects two bones is generally referred to as a ligament. In the case of the gomphoses shown in C, the fibrous connection is specifically termed the periodontal ligament. 19. A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________. a. symphysis b. syndesmosis c. suture d. Gomphosis 20. Which of the following are cartilaginous joints? a. Sutures b. Gomphoses c. Syndesmoses d. Synchondroses 21. In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________. a. hyaline cartilage b. synovial membranes c. tendon sheaths d. fibrocartilage 22. Using the structural classification, what type of joint is the epiphyseal plate? a. fibrous joint b. synarthrotic joint c. cartilaginous joint d. amphiarthrotic joint → The epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous joint-a hyaline cartilage "growth plate" between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone. 23. The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________. a. prevent hyperextension of the knee b. are also called collateral ligaments c. attach to each other in their midportions d. tend to run parallel to one another 24. Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________. a. provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints b. form the synovial membrane c. produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis) d. attach tendons 25. The gliding motion of the wrist uses ________ joints. a. plane b. Condyloid c. pivot d. Hinge 26. The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________. a. anterior ligaments b. tibial collateral ligaments c. patellar ligaments d. cruciate ligaments 27. Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________. a. extension b. hyperextension c. circumduction d. Flexion 28. The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint. a. multiaxial b. nonaxial c. biaxial d. Uniaxial 29. Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________. a. rare because of the ligament reinforcement b. common in all people who are overweight c. common due to the weight bearing the hip endures d. rare because the rotator cuff stabilizes the hip joint 30. Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped? a. the lateral patellar retinacula b. the medial patellar retinacula c. the extracapsular ligament d. the patellar ligament 31. Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint? a. synchondrosis b. hinge joint c. suture d. Symphysis 32. Tendon sheaths ________. a. act as friction-reducing structures b. are extensions of periosteum c. help anchor the tendon to the muscle d. are lined with dense irregular connective tissue JOINTS LAB 1. acetabulum 2. Lateral condyle 3. lateral meniscus 4. metacarpals 5. coxal bone 6. posterior cruciate ligament 7. Lateral epicondyle 8. Radial fossa 9. AC joint 10.