Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach Part 3

82. Meno is 64 years old. Although continuously faced with considerable stress and difficulty in his life, he always displays an optimistic, upbeat attitude. According to research, Meno should a. probably live longer than those without such positive attitudes. b. live about the same length of time as those without such positive attitudes. c. be less likely to have heart disease than those without such positive attitudes d. be more likely to be involved with positive community activities than those without such positive attitudes. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology OTHER: TYPE: Applied 83. According to Seligman, if a person who is faced with considerable stress and difficulty in his/her life displays an optimistic, upbeat attitude, he/she is likely to function better psychologically and physically. He called this ______________. a. learned optimism b. learned helplessness c. learned awareness d. learned predictability ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 84. One important contribution of the work of Albert Bandura regarding modeling or observational learning is that a. much of our learned behavior depends upon our interactions with those around us. b. our learned behavior has much more to do with the types of consequences (reinforcements and punishments) of our actions than our interactions with those around us. c. it is impossible to learn behavioral patterns without observing those around us. d. learning acquired through observation is much more resistant to extinction than behavior acquired through classical or operant conditioning. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 85. Amanda learned to fear snakes after seeing one for the first time at the zoo. However, it took many exposures to the sound of tapping dancing shoes before she learned to fear that sound. The concept that would explain the fact that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others is a. prepared learning. b. learned helplessness. c. observational learning. d. reciprocal determinism. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology OTHER: TYPE: Applied 86. The major difference between the modern cognitive science idea of the unconscious and Freud's view of the unconscious is that Freud saw the unconscious as ______________, whereas modern cognitive science views it as __________________. a. the function of the id; the result of multiple neuronal pathways interacting with the stimuli presented to the individual b. a seething caldron of emotional conflicts; neuronal pathways interacting with the stimuli presented to the individual c. the function of the superego; the ability to process, store, and act upon information without awareness d. a seething caldron of emotional conflicts; the ability to process, store, and act upon information without awareness ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 87. According to modern cognitive science, the unconscious a. clearly exists in much the same way that Freud imagined. b. may or may not exist, as it is impossible to study material that we are not aware of. c. clearly does not exist. d. clearly exists but in a very different way than Freud imagined. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 88. In the Stroop color naming paradigm, a patient with a blood phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word "wound" a. more quickly than a neutral word. b. in about the same time it takes to name the color of a neutral word. c. more slowly than a neutral word. d. with a great deal of difficulty or not at all. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology OTHER: TYPE: Applied 89. Emotion is generally thought to be a(n) ____________elicited by a(n) ____________. a. cognition; behavior b. action tendency; threat c. affect; cognition d. physiological response; affective occurrence ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Emotions OTHER: TYPE: Factual 90. You and a friend are lost while walking on a street in a foreign city. A stranger approaches, and you are concerned that the stranger may try to mug you. Your friend assumes that the stranger is approaching to give you directions. As the stranger approaches, you experience fear, but your friend experiences relief. Your different emotional reactions can be explained by the __________ theory of emotion. a. physiological b. neurological c. affective d. cognitive ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Emotions OTHER: TYPE: Applied 91. The relationship between emotion and health is demonstrated by the fact that a. panic is related to poor concentration. b. people with chronic diseases are often angry about their care. c. those in poor physical health almost always develop psychological disorders. d. hostility and anger increase one's risk of heart disease. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Emotions OTHER: TYPE: Factual 92. Studies examining the effects of anger and hostility on the cardiovascular system have demonstrated that anger results in a. decreased pumping efficiency of the heart. b. increased pumping efficiency of the heart. c. heart changes similar to those found when exercising. d. few if any measurable changes in the heart. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Emotions OTHER: TYPE: Factual 93. The "evil eye," Latin American susto, and the Haitian phenomenon of voodoo death are currently viewed as examples of the a. unsubstantiated myths that people can become ill without physical cause. b. power of the social environment on our physical and psychological health. c. power of the supernatural model of psychopathology. d. isolated cultural phenomena with little practical significance. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 94. The fact that women are more likely to suffer from insect phobias than men is most likely due to a. biological differences. b. differences in neurochemical pathways. c. cultural expectations. d. genetic influences. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 95. Anxious males tend to have a higher rate of alcoholism than females. One likely explanation for this difference is that men are a. more likely to use alcohol to deal with anxiety than to admit they are afraid. b. less likely to be fearful of becoming alcoholic. c. exposed to alcohol more often than women are. d. more likely to see alcohol as a good long-term solution to problems such as anxiety. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 96. The influences of culture and gender on psychopathology are most clearly evident in the disorder of __________. a. bulimia nervosa b. panic disorder c. bipolar disorder d. depression ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 97. People who have many social contacts and live their lives continually interacting with others a. develop more infections and have poorer overall health. b. have not been found to differ on any health outcome. c. often suffer from psychological disorders such as dependency. d. live longer and healthier lives. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Factual 98. Research exposing subjects to the virus that causes the common cold (Cohen et al., 1997) demonstrated that a. the lower the individual's socialization, the lower the chances of contracting a cold. b. the greater the individual's socialization, the lower the chances of contracting a cold. c. extent of socialization and chances of contracting a cold were unrelated. d. the quality of social contact predicted whether the individual would contract a cold, but the frequency of social contact did not. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Factual 99. Regarding the research on socialization and health, the safest conclusion is that a. social support is important but mostly for those individuals who are at high risk for various physical or psychological disorders. b. having a supportive group of people around us is important to our physical health but not our psychological well-being. c. having a supportive group of people around us is important to our psychological well-being but not our physical health. d. having a supportive group of people around us is one of the most important parts of maintaining our physical and mental health. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 100. In a study conducted by Haber and Barchas (1983), monkeys were injected with amphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant. Comparison of the drug's effects on the dominant versus submissive monkeys demonstrated that the effects of brain chemicals such as drugs are a. different for individual animals depending upon their place in the social hierarchy. b. the same for all animals regardless of their place in the social hierarchy. c. the same for all animals except for those with a biological predisposition for aggression. d. different for individual animals but the differences appear to be random. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 101. Research with the elderly has found that depression is more likely in those individuals who a. have frequent social contacts. b. live in group settings. c. have fewer social contacts. d. receive increased attention from their families when they are sick. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Factual 102. Depression and schizophrenia seem to appear in all cultures but tend to be characterized by different symptoms within individual cultures. For example, depression in Western culture is generally characterized by feelings of guilt and inadequacy, whereas in developing countries it is characterized by physical distress such as fatigue or illness. This is most likely due to a. genetic differences between individuals living in different cultures. b. differences in treatment provided in different cultures. c. reasons that our current methods of study are incapable of understanding. d. the fact that social and cultural factors influence psychopathology. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 103. Given the role of social factors in psychological disorders and the fact that psychological disorders are still associated with social stigma (people tend to think that the disorder is something to be ashamed of), there is a much greater chance that people with psychological disorders will a. be far more easily treated than those with physical disorders. b. seek help for their disorders but be more likely to receive insufficient treatment than those with physical illness. c. be ignored by mental health professionals when they seek help. d. not seek and receive the treatment and support of others that are most needed for recovery. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 104. When we compare the incidence of psychological disorders across countries and cultures, we find that a. there is remarkable similarity in the rates of various disorders in different countries and cultures. b. all Western countries have a similar rate of common disorders, but this is not true for developing countries. c. developing countries have a much higher rate of psychological disorder than Western countries. d. there are enormous differences in the rates of various disorders in different countries and cultures. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Factual 105. Political strife, war, and suffering in a country tend to ___________ the rate of psychological disorders in the country. a. decrease b. have little effect on c. have unpredictable effects on d. increase ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors OTHER: TYPE: Factual 106. A lifespan psychologist would point out that the only way to understand a patient's disorder is to understand how the individual a. developed from childhood to adulthood. b. developed during the psychosexual stages. c. resolved conflicts in early life. d. sees himself/herself as part of a family, a community, and a culture. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Life-Span Development OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 107. According to Eric Erikson, people a. only experience major change in adulthood. b. are fully developed by age 50. c. experience eight typical developmental crises across time. d. experience no developmental changes after adolescence. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Life-Span Development OTHER: TYPE: Factual 108. When therapists ask patients how they are feeling and how they are experiencing their disorder today, it is essentially taking "snapshots" of their lives at the moment. This approach to understanding psychopathology is criticized as incomplete by ________. a. lifespan psychologists b. cognitive-behaviorists c. humanists d. all mental health workers ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Life-Span Development OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 109. In an experiment by Kolb, Gibb, and Gorny (2003), animals of varying ages were placed in complex environments. Their findings suggest that a. the impact of the environment on the brain is different at varying stages of life. b. the impact of the environment on the brain is significant but uniform throughout the lifespan. c. environments that are beneficial to the aged may be harmful to the young. d. the environment has little effect on the brain throughout the lifespan. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Life-Span Development OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 110. The fact that some behaviors can be symptoms of many different disorders (e.g., delusions can be a result of amphetamine abuse or of schizophrenia) is an example of ____________. a. equifinality b. psychopathology c. pathogenesis d. orthogonal causation ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Life-Span Development OTHER: TYPE: Factual 111. Children who are resistant to stress are considered to be _______________. a. resilient b. reliant c. resistant d. reactive ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Life-Span Development OTHER: TYPE: Factual 112. The term equifinality refers to the fact that a. once a process has begun, it will always lead to a final outcome. b. many causes of psychopathology are equal in influence. c. a number of paths can lead to the same outcome. d. all forms of psychopathology have similar causes. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Life-Span Development OTHER: TYPE: Factual 113. The fact that depression can be caused by mental illness or drug use is an example of how a. once a process has begun, it will always lead to a final outcome. b. many causes of psychopathology are equal in influence. c. a number of paths can lead to the same outcome. d. all forms of psychopathology have similar causes. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Life-Span Development OTHER: TYPE: Factual 114. The fact that a disorder can be caused by a variety of factors illustrates the principle of _______. a. equifinality b. isolation c. equilibration d. isolation ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Life-Span Development OTHER: TYPE: FACT 115. According to the abnormal psychology video clip, psychopathology is due to _____________. a. psychological processes b. biological processes c. both biological and psychological processes d. neither biological or psychological processes ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate 116. Our understanding of psychology as an integrated process is in part a function of ___________. a. better measurement tools b. greater biological knowledge c. application of scientific study to psychological processes d. all of the above ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate 117. Describe the diathesis-stress model. Use it to explain how one identical twin suffers from clinical depression while the other does not. ANSWER: This model argues that a diathesis is a vulnerability and a stress is an unpleasant experience, which together can cause behavioral and emotional disorders. Identical twins typically share the same genetic vulnerability but may not have the same life experiences. 118. Psychoactive medications (drugs that impact our thoughts, emotions, and behavior) usually alter neurotransmitters in the brain. Explain how both an agonist and an antagonist operate on a neurotransmitter. Explain the process of blocking reuptake and the effect it has on a neurotransmitter. ANSWER: Agonists increase the effects of a transmitter, while antagontists decrease their effects. Reuptake involves the process of neurons reabsorbing their own transmitters from the synapse. When reuptake is blocked, the neurotransmitter stays in the synapse longer, which tends to prolong its effects in an agonistic way. REFERENCES: Neuroscience and its Contributions to Psychopathology 119. What are the basic components of the multidimensional integrative model, and what does the term integrative mean in this model? ANSWER: -Behavioral -Biological -Social -Emotional -Developmental This use of the term “integrative” refers to the model’s premise that many factor cause any given disorder. REFERENCES: One-Dimensional versus Multidimensional Models 120. Name three important neurotransmitters and describe what impact each one is thought to have on human experience. ANSWER: GABA- inhibitory neurotransmitter Glutamate-excitatory transmitter Serotonin- neurotransmitter that regulates behavior, moods, and thought processes Norepinephrine-neurotransmitter involved in endocrine regulation Dopamine-neurotransmitter implicated in psychological disorders and the control of movement REFERENCES: Neuroscience and its Contributions to Psychopathology Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach 121. Explain the principle of equifinality and its use in developmental psychopathology. ANSWER: Equifinality indicates that a number of paths to a given outcome must be considered, for example, a hallucinatory syndrome may be the result of schizophrenia or the result of taking LSD. The different paths can also be the result of the interaction of psychological and biological factors during various stages of development. REFERENCES: Life-Span Development