Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach Part 1

Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach 1. The best description of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that it is based on a. biological dimensions. b. biological and psychological dimensions. c. biological and psychological dimensions, as well as emotional influences. d. biological and psychological dimensions, as well as emotional and developmental influences. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: One-Dimensional versus Multidimensional Models OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 2. Within the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology, learned helplessness is considered a(n) ______ dimension. a. biological b. psychological c. emotional d. psychological ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: One-Dimensional versus Multidimensional Models OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 3. The basis of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that each dimension (psychological, biological, emotional, etc.) a. operates independently. b. is sufficient to cause pathology. c. builds on the dimension that precedes it. d. is influenced by the other dimensions. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: One-Dimensional versus Multidimensional Models OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 4. Your uncle spent most of his teen years in a hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical illness. As an adult, he is rather shy and withdrawn, particularly around women. He has been diagnosed with social phobia, which you believe is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is ________. a. multidimensional b. integrative c. one-dimensional d. biological ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: One-Dimensional versus Multidimensional Models OTHER: TYPE: Applied 5. According to the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology, the following statement is true for most psychological disorders: a. If one monozygotic twin has a particular disorder, the other twin will definitely have the disorder as well b. Monozygotic twins are no more likely to share psychological disorders than any other siblings c. Monozygotic twins are no more likely to share disorders than any other two people selected at random from the population d. If one monozygotic twin has a particular psychological disorder, the other twin is more likely to have the disorder than the rest of the population ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: One-Dimensional versus Multidimensional Models OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 6. Amanda is 12 years old, and her sister Samantha is five years old. While riding in a car with their parents, the girls witness a major automobile accident where a number of people are injured. The girls react very differently to the accident. This is probably due to a. biological differences. b. developmental differences. c. psychological differences d. sociocultural differences ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: One-Dimensional versus Multidimensional Models OTHER: TYPE: Applied 7. The most accurate way to think of genes is that they a. set boundaries for our development. b. determine both our physical and psychological characteristics. c. determine physical but not psychological characteristics. d. actually have very little to do with any of the characteristics that we display. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 8. Referring to behavior and personality as polygenic means that both are a. influenced by only a few genes, but each has a large effect. b. influenced by many genes, with each individual gene contributing a relatively small effect. c. influenced by individual genes only rarely. d. a result of our genetic structure only. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 9. The procedures referred to as quantitative genetics are used to a. determine the effects of multiple genes. b. provide genetic counseling. c. correct genetic abnormalities. d. test the multidimensional integrative model. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 10. Most psychological disorders appear to be influenced by many individual genes rather than caused by one single gene, a process referred to as ________ influence. a. multigenic b. polygenic c. unigenic d. morphogenic ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 11. Inga is a charming and intelligent young lady who is well-liked by family and friends. Approximately ______ of Inga’s enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities can be attributed to genetic influence. a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Applied 12. The most recent estimates are that genetics contribute approximately __________ to the development of personality characteristics such as shyness or activity level. a. 10-20% b. 30-50% c. 75-85% d. nothing ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 13. According to recent estimates, genetic contributions to the development of most psychological disorders are __________________. a. below 50% b. above 50% c. different for each disorder (estimates range from 0 to 100%) d. nonexistent ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 14. Recent evidence regarding the genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that a. single genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders. b. genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive. c. there is no evidence that genes influence psychopathology. d. multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 15. In the diathesis-stress model, "diathesis" refers to a. an inherited disorder. b. conditions in the environment that can trigger a disorder depending upon how severe the stressors are. c. an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder. d. the inheritance of multiple disorders. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 16. In the diathesis-stress model, "stress" refers to a. life events, in combination with an inherited tendency, that trigger a disorder. b. inherited tendencies, in combination with life events, that trigger a disorder. c. defective genes. d. exposure to very unusual and extreme environmental conditions. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 17. According to the diathesis-stress model, psychopathology is the result of the a. interaction between normal and defective or damaged genes. b. stress level of an individual and how stress is managed in a person's life. c. family history of an individual. d. interaction of an inherited tendency and events in a person's life. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 18. According to the diathesis-stress model, monozygotic twins raised in the same household will a. not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis. b. have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are exactly the same. c. not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress. d. have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two randomly selected individuals from the population. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 19. According to the diathesis-stress model, a. mental disorders will always develop given a certain level of stress. b. once a diathesis for a particular disorder is inherited, the disorder will eventually develop. c. an individual's inherited tendencies are not affected by stressful life events he or she encounters. d. it is possible to inherit a diathesis and never develop a disorder. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 20. The model that describes the development of psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual's life is called _____________. a. diathesis-stress b. genetic c. bio-behavioral d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 21. In a landmark study by Caspi et. al. (2003), researchers studied the stressful life events and genetics of 847 individuals. For individuals who had at least four stressful life events, the risk of major depression a. remained unchanged regardless of genetic makeup. b. doubled if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied. c. was reduced by half if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied. d. was entirely related to the genetic makeup and not the number of life stressors. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 22. The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the _________________. a. diathesis-stress model b. reciprocal gene-environment model c. genetic model d. psycho-social model ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 23. John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize. As a result, he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone. If John were to develop depression, the model that would probably best explain this situation and the cause of his depression is ______________. a. diathesis-stress b. biological c. reciprocal gene-environment d. interpersonal ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Applied 24. Some people may be genetically predisposed to seek out difficult relationships. These difficult relationships may contribute to their experience of depression. This is an example of the ________. a. diathesis-stress model b. reciprocal gene-environment model c. genetic model d. quantitative genetics model ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 25. Research studies using the procedure called "cross fostering" have shown that genetically emotional and reactive young animals raised by calm mothers tended to be a. calm. b. emotional and reactive. c. calm but emotional and reactive when raising their own young. d. emotional and reactive but calm when raising their own young. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 26. Cross-fostering studies indicate that the environmental effects of early parenting a. had no effect on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress. b. seem to override any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress. c. had no effect on future generations in the expression of personality traits or temperament. d. had random effects on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 27. Looking at the findings of many cross-fostering studies (Francis et al., 1999, Suomi, 1999, Tienari et al., 1994) it appears that positive interventions such as good parenting in early life may a. have little effect in terms of preventing psychopathology in those genetically predisposed to such conditions. b. dramatically change the genetics of individuals genetically predisposed to psychopathology. c. have a greater effect on future generations than on the individual exposed to the "good parenting." d. override the genetically influenced tendency to develop psychopathology in later life. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Conceptual 28. Some of the most recent research studies regarding genetic vs. environmental causes of disorders in animals and humans have suggested a. genetic influences are greater than originally observed because positive environmental conditions do not prevent disorders. b. genetics and the environment share equal roles in the development of all psychological disorders. c. the relative contributions of genetics and the environment in the development of psychological disorders are different for lower animals than for humans. d. genetic influences may have been oversimplified by previous studies (i.e., without sufficient environmental stress, the genetic predisposition may never be activated.) ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 29. Recent research suggests that a. environmental manipulations early in life may do much to override the genetically induced tendency to develop undesirable behavioral activities. b. environmental manipulations early in life may do much to override the genetically induced tendency to develop undesirable emotional activities. c. an interaction between genes and environment plays an important role in every psychological disorder. d. all of these ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 30. The central nervous system is made up of the _______________. a. brain and spinal cord b. brain only c. spinal cord only d. nerves leading to and from the brain ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 31. The brain and the spinal cord comprise the a. peripheral nervous system. b. somatic nervous system. c. parasympathetic nervous system. d. central nervous system. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 32. The area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is the ________. a. axon terminal b. soma c. synaptic cleft d. transmission cleft ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 33. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Glial cells are passive cells that serve to connect and insulate neurons. b. There are fewer glial cells than there are neurons. c. There are different types of glial cells with several specific functions. d. Glial cells slow down the process of neural communication. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 34. The synaptic cleft is the area between the a. soma of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. b. axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron. c. axon of one neuron and the soma of another neuron. d. somas of two neurons. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 35. Neurotransmitters are important because they a. allow neurons to send signals to other neurons. b. maintain the oxygenation of the brain. c. prevent the development of psychopathology. d. allow the brain to maintain its structural integrity. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 36. The chemicals that allow transmission of signals between neurons are called ________. a. re-uptake inhibitors b. hormones c. neurotransmitters d. genes ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 37. GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all examples of __________. a. electrical brain waves b. neurons c. neurotransmitters d. areas of the brain ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 38. Most automatic functions (e.g., breathing, sleeping, and motor coordination) are controlled by the part of the brain called the _________. a. brain stem b. forebrain c. cortex d. frontal lobes ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 39. Recent research has associated the _____________with autism. This is also the part of the brain that controls motor coordination. a. reticular activating system (RAS) b. medulla c. pons d. cerebellum ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual 40. The part of the brain stem that regulates vital activities such as heartbeat, breathing, and digestion is the __________. a. cerebellum b. reticular activating system (RAS) c. hindbrain d. thalamus ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Neuroscience and Its Contributions to Psychopathology OTHER: TYPE: Factual