University:
High School
Course:
High School Biology
Academic year:

2023
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379

Pages:

2
Author:

swatsobtrudings

Ap Biology Unit 5 Test Study Guide LEO-GER Loose Elections Oxidize - Gain Electrons Reduce Glycolysis- Glucose is needed for this reaction to take place. The breakdown of glucose in order to get pyruvate and ultimately gain energy. The oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation comes from the oxygen we breathe in not from the glucose. The ETC (Electron Transport Chain) produces the most ATP(energy) in cellular respiration. The key component is ATP synthase NADH and FADH2 are both electron acceptor, however, NADH is produced during glycolysis without the use of oxygen, while FADH2 is produced during the citric acid cycle which requires oxygen. Where does the process take place: ❖ Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm ❖ Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria ❖ Krebs cycle takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria ❖ Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma. ❖ Light reaction takes place in the thylakoid membrane. ❖ Substrate-level phosphorylation take place during glycolysis (in the cytoplasm). Chemiosmosis- is the energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in a H+ gradient across a membrane to produce ATP. A membrane requires an ATP synthase (a transport protein) in order to produce ATP. It also requires a concentration gradient. ATP synthase produces ATP with the rush of H+ back into the cell. Two Types of Fermentation: ★ Alcohol fermentation- pyruvate is converted to ethanol. Take place in yeast/and to make alcohol. Byproducts are ethanol and CO2. ★ Lactic acid fermentation- pyruvate is reduced by NADH and lactate is formed as a bi-product (lactate can only be processed in the liver). Take place in human muscle cells when no oxygen is present, cause soreness. Photosystem I is called P700 because the chlorophyll a in the reaction center of this photosystem absorbs red light of this wavelength the best. Photosystem II is also called P680 for the same reason. You see color because the object is absorbing all other color and reflecting the color you see. The light reaction produces energy that is used in the Calvin cycle. Chloroplast structure- an envelope of two membranes encloses the storm, which is a dense fluid-filled area. Within the stroma is a vast network of interconnected membranous sacs called thylakoids. The thylakoids segregate the stream from another compartment, the thylakoid space. The stroma is where the Calvin cycle takes place, the thylakoid membrane is where the light reaction takes place. Phosphorylation - 3 types Substrate level phosphorylation - takes place during glycolysis. Enzyme binds to the glucose. Oxidative phosphorylation –Series of redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respiratory pathway. in mitochondria, reduces ATP Photophosphorylation –ATP is formed through a series of sunlight-driven reactions in phototrophic organisms