Chapter 8 Test Bank - Fat Soluble Vitamins

Fat-Soluble Vitamins Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following does NOT describe a vitamin? A. They are essential organic substances. B. They are fat- or water-soluble. C. They are needed in relatively small amounts. D. They provide a rich source of energy. 2. Excess amounts of most water-soluble vitamins are A. stored in the adipose tissue. B. readily excreted. C. stored in the liver. D. often toxic. 3. Excess amounts of most fat-soluble vitamins are A. stored in the liver or adipose tissue. B. excreted via the kidneys. C. stored in the pancreas. D. all of the above are correct. 4. Nutrients most likely to cause toxicity if consumed in excessive amounts include A. vitamin B-12 and vitamin K. B. vitamin D and riboflavin. C. vitamin A and vitamin D. D. vitamin A and vitamin E. 5. Beta-carotene A. can be converted to vitamin A in the body. B. can be converted to vitamin E in the body. C. is a classified as a retinoid. D. is toxic when consumed in excess amounts. 6. In children, a severe deficiency of vitamin A often results in A. scurvy. B. night blindness. C. insufficient blood clotting. D. microcytic anemia. 7. After absorption, the fat-soluble vitamins are distributed to body cells by A. free fatty acids. B. lipases. C. mucopolysaccharides. D. lipoproteins. 8. Some scientists believe that vitamin D recommendation should be much higher than currently set. A. True B. False 9. When consumed in recommended amounts, approximately ________ of fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed. A. 1-5% B. 5-20% C. 10-35% D. 40-90% 10. Beta-carotene is also called A. provitamin A. B. retinal or retinol. C. calcitriol. D. rhodopsin. 11. In the intestinal cells, A. vitamin A, as retinal, is converted to beta-carotene. B. carotenes are split by an intestinal enzyme to form vitamin A. C. excess vitamin A is carried to the kidney for excretion. D. All of these choices are correct. 12. A leading cause of blindness in the world today (excluding accidents) is a dietary deficiency of A. vitamin A. B. vitamin D. C. vitamin E. D. vitamin K. 13. Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid are all forms of A. vitamin A. B. vitamin K. C. vitamin D. D. vitamin E. 14. Rhodopsin, the visual pigment in the retina of the eye, is regenerated when opsin combines with A. retinoic acid. B. 11-cis retinal. C. 13-cis-retinol. D. beta-carotene. 15. Of the following, the best source of preformed vitamin A is A. fried liver. B. sautéed spinach. C. fresh mango. D. cheddar cheese. 16. Of the following, the best source of provitamin A is A. fried liver. B. baked sweet potato. C. fresh bananas. D. soybeans. 17. The yellow-orange coloring of carotenoid-rich dark green vegetables is masked by the pigment A. lycopene. B. chlorophyll. C. beta-carotene. D. alpha-carotene. 18. Mucus-forming cells in the body deteriorate and can no longer produce mucus when there is a deficiency of A. vitamin D. B. beta-carotene. C. vitamin K. D. vitamin A. 19. When viewing items at night or in very dim light, light strikes the retina of the eyes A. and causes the retinal to change from its cis form to its trans form. B. and splits the rhodopsin into opsin and alltrans-retinal. C. to trigger an electrical signal along the optic nerve. D. All of these choices are accurate. 20. A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to development of a condition called A. xerophthalmia. B. osteomalacia. C. jaundice. D. scurvy. 21. Vitamin A deficiency is characterized by the A. inability to produce insulin. B. failure to form blood clots. C. inability to adapt quickly to changes in light intensity. D. production of excessive amounts of collagen. 22. The maintenance of mucus-forming cells depends on adequate amounts of A. vitamin D. B. vitamin C. C. vitamin A. D. vitamin K. 23. The biochemical functions of vitamin A include all of the following except: A. controlling vision in dim and bright light. B. development and maintenance of mucus-forming cells. C. cell differentiation. D. coenzyme synthesis. 24. Which statement correctly describes vitamin A? A. Vitamin A is carried from the liver by retinolbinding protein and transthyretin in the blood. B. Nearly all cells have vitamin-A binding retinoid receptors. C. Within a cell, vitamin A is involved in gene expression and cell differentiation. D. All of the above statements are correct. 25. Vitamin A supplements are not necessary for most adult Americans as they have significant reserves in A. the eye. B. the skin. C. the kidney. D. the liver. 26. The current RDA for vitamin A is expressed in A. Beta Carotene International Units (BCIU). B. Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE). C. Alpha-Tocopherol Equivalents (ATE) D. None of these answers are correct. 27. In North America, population groups at increased risk of vitamin A deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT A. college-aged diabetics. B. alcoholics with liver disease. C. those with GI diseases that prevent fat absorption. D. low birth weight, premature infants. 28. The most likely cause of a vitamin A toxicity would be A. consuming large amounts of dark green and yellow vegetables. B. eating sautéed liver and onions twice a week. C. consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements. D. drinking carrot juice twice a day. 29. Vitamin A toxicity is known to cause all of the following EXCEPT A. birth defects. B. permanent damage to the liver. C. kidney disease. D. death. 30. What vitamin would most likely lead to death in both deficient and toxic levels? A. vitamin A B. vitamin C C. vitamin E D. vitamin B-12 31. A potential danger of using oral Accutane for acne is that it A. can cause spontaneous abortion and birth defects. B. can cause blindness if used for over a year. C. may lead to atherosclerosis. D. can lead to osteomalacia. 32. Children eating large amounts of carrots can develop A. hyperactivity. B. hypercarotenemia. C. hyperglycemia. D. vitamin A toxicity. 33. A derivative of vitamin A, 13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane), is used to A. prevent xerophthalmia. B. treat serious cases of acne. C. treat hypercarotenemia. D. prevent skin cancer. 34. Vitamin D deficiency can result in poorly mineralized bone. The resulting disease is called A. osteoporosis. B. osteomalacia. C. osteoarthritis. D. osteopenia. 35. Healthy, light-skinned individuals can make sufficient vitamin D to meet the body's needs with about ________ of sun exposure on their face, arms, and hands 2 or 3 times per week. A. 15 minutes B. 60 minutes C. 90 minutes D. 120 minutes 36. The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is vitamin A. E. B. K. C. D. D. A. 37. Vitamin D is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin because A. it is available in fresh orange juice. B. exposure to sunlight converts a precursor form to vitamin D. C. it can be destroyed by exposure to sunlight. D. it is the yellow-orange color of the sun. 38. The main active form of vitamin D in the body is A. calcitriol. B. retinal. C. cholecalciferol. D. calcitonin. 39. Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of body levels of A. cholesterol. B. calcium. C. prothrombin. D. potassium. 40. Functions of vitamin D include A. prevention of scurvy. B. antioxidant activity. C. glucose regulation. D. absorption of calcium. 41. As calcitriol, vitamin D functions in calcium and bone metabolism by A. reducing calcium excretion by the kidney. B. regulating calcium and phosphorus absorption through the intestinal wall. C. regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in bones. D. All of these choices are accurate. 42. Calcitriol is the A. precursor to vitamin D that is activated by sunlight. B. plant source of vitamin D. C. animal food source of vitamin D. D. biologically active form of vitamin D. 43. Vitamin D deficiency in adults is called A. osteoporosis. B. osteomalacia. C. rickets. D. hypocalcemia. 44. In children, bowed legs, an enlarged head, rib cage, and knee joints, and a deformed pelvis are symptoms of A. rickets. B. xerophthalmia. C. osteopenia. D. none of the above are correct. 45. A reliable food source of vitamin D is A. yellow-orange colored fruits. B. dark green leafy vegetables. C. whole grain breads. D. fortified milk. 46. As calcium levels in the blood drop below normal, ____________ is released to increase the synthesis of calcitriol. A. calcitonin B. thyroid hormone C. parathyroid hormone D. secretin 47. Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is affected by all of the following EXCEPT A. use of sunscreen. B. skin color. C. geographic location. D. All of these factors can affect vitamin D synthesis. 48. Individuals at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT A. elderly adults living in nursing homes. B. dark-skinned children with limited outdoor activity. C. young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils. D. individuals with diseases of fat-malabsorption. 49. Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin D? A. Maintaining phosphorus homeostasis B. Regulating cell cycle activity C. Promoting antioxidant activity D. Increasing immunity against infections 50. Excess intake of vitamin D A. is readily excreted. B. can cause hypercalcemia. C. can cause rickets. D. can cause osteomalacia. 51. Vitamin E is a family of compounds comprised of the A. 4 tocopherols. B. 4 tocotrienols. C. 4 triglycerides. D. 4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols. 52. Vitamin E functions to A. protect cell membranes from destruction by various reducing agents. B. protect phospholipids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals. C. accept electrons, thus neutralizing the action of free radicals. D. All of these choices are accurate. 53. A primary function of vitamin E is to serve as A. a coenzyme. B. an antioxidant. C. a hormone. D. a peroxide. 54. Which of the following is NOT involved in antioxidant defense? A. glutathione peroxidase B. superoxide dismutase C. catalase D. hydrogen peroxide 55. The most nutrient-dense sources of vitamin E are A. refined grains and cereal products. B. orangecolored fruits. C. vegetable oils. D. animal fats. 56. Vitamin E is carried to the liver and other tissues by A. albumin. B. hemoglobin. C. lipoproteins. D. retinol-binding proteins. 57. Of the following population groups, those at lowest risk for vitamin E deficiency are A. premature infants. B. the elderly. C. athletes. D. smokers. 58. A high intake of vitamin E can A. interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity. B. result in lead poisoning. C. inhibit copper absorption. D. cause atherosclerosis. 59. Which vitamin deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia? A. vitamin A B. vitamin D C. vitamin E D. vitamin K 60. Individuals taking daily aspirin or anticoagulation medications should avoid excess intakes of A. beta-carotene. B. vitamin E. C. vitamin D. D. lycopene. 61. The nutrient essential for the synthesis of blood clotting factors is vitamin A. A. B. D. C. E. D. K. 62. Vitamin K adds carbon dioxide to glutamic acid to promote A. muscle contraction. B. blood clotting. C. glucose homeostasis. D. red blood cell formation. 63. An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of A. alpha-tocopherol. B. rhodopsin. C. calcitriol. D. prothrombin. 64. A nutrient synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine is vitamin A. E. B. D. C. A. D. K. 65. The family of compounds known as vitamin K include A. phylloquinones and menaquinones. B. tocopherols and tocotrienols. C. retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. D. cholecalciferol and calcitriol. 66. Vitamin K deficiency is most likely to result from A. insufficient sunlight. B. kidney disease. C. insufficient intake of diary products. D. antibiotic therapy. 67. Antibiotics and intestinal diseases can interfere with absorption of vitamin A. A. B. C. C. E. D. K. 68. The most nutrient-dense food sources of vitamin K are A. green leafy vegetables. B. whole grain breads and cereals. C. nuts and seeds. D. oysters and shellfish. 69. Newborns usually receive an injection of vitamin _________ to protect them against deficiency until the gastrointestinal tract has matured. A. A B. D C. B D. K True / False Questions 70. An Upper Level has been set for vitamin K to protect against the significant risk of toxicity. FALSE 71. When taken in megadoses, vitamins may act like drugs. TRUE 72. Natural vitamins are usually superior to synthetic vitamins. FALSE 73. People who smoke likely need more vitamin E than nonsmokers. TRUE 74. One means of detecting a vitamin K deficiency is to measure how quickly prothrombin in the blood can form a clot. TRUE 75. Dietary supplements are tightly regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). FALSE 76. Vegans may require supplements of calcium, zinc, iron, and vitamin B-12 to prevent deficiencies. TRUE 77. Individuals with lactose intolerance or milk allergies may need calcium and vitamin D supplements. TRUE 78. Supplements of bee pollen, lecithin, and inositol are often recommended by dietitians for weight loss. FALSE 79. Supplement manufacturers can make unproven claims with regard to conditions that are not diseases. TRUE 80. Dietary supplements can fully compensate for nutritionally poor diets. FALSE 81. Megadoses of vitamins are useful in preventing nutritional deficiencies and decreasing disease risk. FALSE 82. Retinoids play a role in embryonic development and cell differentiation. TRUE 83. Carotenoid supplementation has been effective in decreasing the risk of lung cancer in smokers. FALSE 84. Vitamin A deficiency can result in development of xerophthalmia in membranes of the eye. TRUE 85. Vitamin D must be hydroxylated in the liver and kidney to become biologically active. TRUE 86. Kidney disease and liver disease increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency. TRUE 87. People who remain almost fully covered during the day are at increased risk of vitamin K deficiency. FALSE 88. The fat-soluble vitamins all have hormone-like activity. FALSE 89. The RDA for vitamin E was established to prevent hemolysis of red blood cell membranes. TRUE