Principles of Biology II Protists Worksheet (Five Points)

Principles of Biology II Protists worksheet (five points) Learning goals The student should be able to 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. accurately define all vocabulary words and answer all questions, describe the evolution of the eukaryotes, use key traits to identify majors clades of eukaryotes, illustrate cladograms of major eukaryote clades, differentiate the protists from other eukaryotes, describe key roles each protist group fulfills in its ecosystem, and name or identify protists that help and harm humans. Vocabulary Write the definition of each term. Always consider context when writing definitions. 1. algae It is the terms for any species of photosynthetic protist, including both unicellular and multicellular forms. Algal species are included in three eukaryote supergroups. 2. alternation of generations A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae. 3. blade The leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis. 4. endosymbiosis The relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism. 5. heteromorphic A condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology. 6. holdfast A rootlike structure structure that anchors a seaweed. 7. mixotroph An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy. 8. isomorphic Referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number. 9. protist An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular. 10. pseudopodia A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. 11. secondary endosymbiosis A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell. 12. test (of a foram, not exam) A porous shell that consists of a single piece of organic material harden with calcium carbonate. Practice items 1. True/False. Most eukaryote biodiversity consists of microscopic, unicellular organisms. True 2. True/False. Kingdom Protista is accepted as a clade by the textbook. False 3. Illustrate a cladogram of all eukaryotes, including each lineage in Figure 28.5. Label the cladogram with one or more identifying traits of each external node. *Hint: The trait(s) must differentiate that lineage from all others; e.g., “photosynthesis” is not acceptable for Embryophyta because many lineages involve photosynthetic organisms. This cladogram is mandatory and must be illustrated and labeled to earn points for this worksheet. 4. Complete the Figure 28.5 Draw It figure question. 5. Write “grade” or “clade” as appropriate behind the name of each algal lineage. algae clade brown algae grade charophytes grade chlorophytes grade golden algae clade green algae clade red algae clade 6. The word “plasmodium” is used in two contexts in Chapter 28. Differentiate them. Plasmodium is a parasite that causes malaria which lives in humans & mosquitoes. Plasmodium is also a slime's mold that has formed a mass. 7. Look up protist taxa filling each of the following ecological roles and write the name of a protist taxon. You may consult sources other than your textbook, but verify the taxa are protists. **Searching by simply typing in most of these roles into a search bar will return mostly non-protists. Verify an organism is a protist before writing its name.** aquatic decomposer water molds terrestrial decomposer oomycetes marine producer diatoms freshwater producer amoeba human food seaweed (algae) animal (= not human) pathogen protozoa human pathogen plasmodium plant pathogen fungi vertebrate gut flora entamoeba mutualist dinoflagellates Questions Write two questions you could give your students to quiz them. At least one must be “short answer”, the other can be any type of question (e.g., short answer, multiple choice, true/false). You must write the answer. There will be a one-point penalty on this and all future worksheets if you do not write two questions and two answers. Question: How many times did green algae undergo endosymbiosis? Answer: 2 Question: What is the difference between a clade and a grade in taxonomy? Answer: A grade is species grouped together because they show similar anagenetic changes from the same ancestor. A clade is when the shared ancestry is found in all the descendants from the original common ancestor. Most challenging concepts Write down what challenged you in the space below. You can list any content that you are not clear about or ask questions you have. The most challenging question this week was without a doubt question #3. I still do not know exactly what the question is asking for. How much detail were you looking for? Of possible could you show the class a copy of what you were looking for because I know at least 2 other classmates that also struggled with the question. PREVIOUS QUIZ Answers are not provided in this document but can be discussed with the instructor Figure 28.2 has been rotated to make it easier to label and so it takes up less space. Use the modified version to complete all questions on this page. (10 points) 1. Six clade names have been deleted from Figure 28.2 and replaced with empty yellow boxes. Write each of those names in the appropriate empty box. (one point each) 2. Oomycota are stramenopiles, and despite their importance as decomposers and plant pathogens oomycetes are not mentioned in the stramenopile section or depicted in Figure 28.2. Write the name of the eukaryote supergroup Oomycota belongs to. 3. There are six clades depicted as branch tips (highlighted in beige, oriented sideways) in Figure 28.2 that are completely photoautotrophic. Write the names of two of them. 4. There are eight clades shown depicted as branch tips in Figure 28.2 that include parasites of vertebrates. Write the names of three of them. 5. There are two clades shown depicted as branch tips in Figure 28.2 that include parasites, predators, autotrophs, and mixotrophs. Write the name of one such clade. 6. Not all of the algal groups listed below are clades. Circle the name(s) of any groups that are not clades. a) brown algae b) golden algae c) green algae d) red algae 7. There are many groups discussed in Chapter 28 that are loose assemblages, rather than independently evolving lineages. Circle the names of any groups in the list below that are clades. a) Algae b) Amoebae c) Amoebozoa d) Archaeplastida e) Excavata f) Protista g) Protozoa h) SAR supergroup i) Unikonta 8. The evolution of the _______________ occurred as a result of primary endosymbiosis, while the evolution of the ______________ occurred as a result of secondary endosymbiosis. Figure 28.3 with all words removed is provided to help if needed. a) red algae; green algae b) green algae; red algae c) red algae; stramenopiles d) stramenopiles, alveolates 9. True/False. Protista is a clade and currently widely accepted as one of the five kingdoms. 10. Select one of the protist clades depicted as branch tips in Figure 28.5. Write the name of the clade and describe an association its members share with humans. (e.g., if asked this question about the Chapter 34 mammal cladogram, a good response would be “Carnivora, two species are domesticated and are popular household pets”)