Chapter 3 Test Bank - Metabolism

Energy Metabolism Multiple Choice Questions 1. All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life are referred to as A. anabolism. B. catabolism.C. homeostasis.D. metabolism. 2. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) A. transports oxygen in various metabolic pathways. B. picks up and delivers hydrogens to acceptor molecules. C. is another form of ATP. D. is a form of lactic acid. 3. The energy currency the body uses is A. NAD. B. FAD. C. TCA. D. ATP. 4. Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme form of the vitamin A. pantothenic acid. B. niacin. C. thiamin. D. riboflavin. 5. Photosynthesis occurs in plants and uses energy from the sun to A. produce organic compounds from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. B. produce energy-yielding compounds. C. heat the environment. D. make plants turn yellow. 6. All the energy available to humans has its origins in A. carbon dioxide and water. B. the oxygen we breathe. C. foods and beverages. D. the sun's solar energy. 7. When a compound is oxidized it ______ one or more electrons. A. losesB. gainsC. transformsD. creates 8. When a compound is reduced it _____ one or more electrons. A. losesB. gainsC. transformsD. creates 9. Oxidation-reduction reactions in the body are controlled by A. light and dark cycles.B. enzymes.C. fluid balance.D. protein consumption. 10. If oxygen is present, metabolism is considered to be A. active. B. anaerobic. C. aerobic. D. inactive. 11. In the absence of oxygen, ______ respiration will occur. A. active B. anaerobic C. aerobic D. inactive 12. Glycolysis is a process involving A. synthesis of fatty acids B. reactions that convert glucose to glycogen. C. reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate. D. reactions that convert glycogen to protein. 13. Glycolysis begins with _________ and ends with __________. A. pyruvate; water B. pyruvate; glucose C. glucose; pyruvate D. pyruvate; acetyl-CoA 14. When muscle tissue is exercising under anaerobic conditions, the production of ______ is important because it ensures a continuous supply of NAD+. A. glucose-6-phosphate B. pyruvate C. lactate D. glycogen 15. In metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in A. the red blood cells. B. the citric acid cycle. C. glycolysis. D. the electron transport chain. 16. Red blood cells undergo anaerobic metabolism, which means that they produce A. plasma. B. iron. C. lactate. D. clots. 17. Under anaerobic conditions, how many net ATP are synthesized from one glucose molecule? A. 1 ATP. B. 2 ATP. C. 4 ATP. D. 2 GTP. E. None of these choices are correct. 18. How many molecules of lactate are produced from one molecule of glucose? A. 2B. 4C. 6D. 8 19. The citric acid cycle is also known as the A. urea cycle.B. Krebs cycle.C. menstrual cycle.D. aerobic pathway. 20. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA A. requires the addition of CO2. B. occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and is irreversible. C. occurs in the nucleus of the cell. D. is needed for red blood cell production. 21. The common pathway for the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids is A. glycolysis. B. the Cori cycle. C. the citric acid cycle. D. ketosis. 22. During the end reaction of the electron transport chain, oxygen becomes A. reduced to water (H2O). B. oxidized to carbon dioxide C. NADH. D. FADH2. 23. The major end products of the electron transport chain are A. water, carbon dioxide and ATP. B. glucose and amino acids. C. dietary fiber and ammonia. D. carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. 24. Cytochromes A. are produced by photosynthesis. B. transport electrons in the electron transport chain. C. appear in the citric acid cycle. D. are responsible for beta-oxidation of fatty acids. 25. Carnitine A. is a dietary essential, especially for athletes.B. shuttles NADH across the mitochondrial membrane.C. shuttles oxaloacetate from the mitochondria to the cytosol.D. shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria. 26. The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the _________ of the cell and the breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the _______ of the cell. A. mitochondria; cytosolB. nucleus; cytosolC. cytosol; mitochondria D. cytosol; lysosome 27. In which compartment of the cell do Krebs cycle and fatty acid oxidation take place? A. cell membrane. B. mitochondria. C. nucleus. D. cytosol. 28. In fatty acid synthesis, the "starting" molecule is A. glycerol.B. acetyl-CoA.C. ATP.D. pyruvate. 29. After a person has fasted for about a week, the brain adapts to using _______ for some of its fuel needs. A. glycerol B. ketones C. fatty acids D. amino acids 30. Ketones are produced from: A. cholesterol. B. hormones. C. amino acids. D. acetyl-CoA. 31. Ketosis increases with A. fasting. B. a low-carbohydrate diet. C. uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus. D. All of these choices are correct. 32. When there is excess glucose and amino acids in the liver, and no more ATP needs to be synthesized, these energy-rich nutrients are converted to A. triglycerides. B. pyruvate. C. NAD+. D. FAD. 33. Before protein becomes an energy source, the _________ must be removed from the molecule. A. COOHB. CH3C. NH2D. CO2 34. In most cases the starting material for gluconeogenesis is A. oxaloacetate. B. phosphoenolpyruvate. C. carnitine. D. All of these choices are correct. 35. Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby the body A. converts glucose to its storage form. B. retrieves stored glucose from the liver. C. lowers the glucose level of the blood. D. produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol molecules. 36. When the carbon skeleton of an amino acid is oxidized for energy, the amino group is removed and sent to the liver to produce A. ammonia. B. protein. C. urea. D. albumin. 37. The process of simply losing an amine group from amino acids is called: A. deamination B. desaturation C. beta oxidation D. denaturation 38. Amino acids (or parts of their carbon skeletons) that can be converted to pyruvate or enter the citric acid cycle directly are called A. glucogenic amino acids.B. ketogenic amino acids.C. essential amino acids. D. non-essential amino acids. 39. Amino acids that become acetyl-CoA as a result of deamination are designated ketogenic amino acids because A. they can become parts of the glucose molecule.B. they cannot become part of the glucose molecule.C. they interfere with metabolism of fatty acids.D. all amino acids are interchangeable through the citric acid cycle. 40. Which of the following pathways is the major way in which alcohol is metabolized? A. pyruvate dehydrogenase pathwayB. ethanol dehydrogenase pathwayC. lactate dehydrogenase pathwayD. alcohol dehydrogenase pathway 41. Where does alcohol metabolism predominantly occur in the body? A. intestinesB. liverC. kidney D. lungs 42. When excessive amounts of alcohol are consumed, which system oxidizes the excess alcohol? A. beta oxidizing systemB. mitochondrial oxidizing systemC. alcohol oxidizing systemD. microsomal ethanol oxidizing system 43. After a period of prolonged fasting (starving), the brain changes its fuel requirements A. and uses amino acids directly. B. and starts to use glycerol as the primary source of energy. C. and starts to use ketones and spares protein. D. and glycogen becomes the primary source of energy. 44. Fasting or starvation accelerates A. gluconeogenesis. B. ketone production. C. body protein breakdown. D. body fat breakdown. E. All of these choices are correct. 45. In the body, excess amino acids are A. burned as fuel or stored as fat. B. stored by the body in the form that they were consumed. C. of no concern to health status. D. directly converted into lean muscle mass. 46. In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, the amine group is A. stored in the liver.B. converted to glucose.C. excreted as urea.D. burned for energy. 47. Typical fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose because A. they lack sufficient energy. B. they enter the citric acid cycle at acetyl-CoA and can never reform pyruvate. C. they can only be synthesized from amino acid skeletons, not fatty acid skeletons. D. they enter the citric acid cycle as propionyl-CoA. 48. Metabolism is regulated by A. hormones such as insulin. B. the presence and activity of enzymes. C. ATP levels in the individual cells. D. All of these choices are correct. 49. Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients can be converted to glucose? A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. proteins D. carbohydrates and proteins 50. Glycolysis is the process by which A. fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA.B. glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate.C. amino groups move from a donor to an acceptor.D. NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen.E. energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP. 51. Transamination is the process by which A. fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA. B. glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate. C. amino groups are transferred from a donor to an acceptor. D. NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen. E. energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP. 52. Beta-oxidation is the process by which A. fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA. B. glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate. C. amino groups move from a donor to an acceptor. D. NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen. E. energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP. 53. Electron transport is the process by which A. fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA.B. glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate.C. amino groups move from a donor to an acceptor.D. NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen.E. energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP. 54. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which A. fatty acids break apart to form acetyl-CoA. B. glucose breaks apart to form pyruvate.C. amino groups move from a donor to an acceptor. D. NADH + H+ and FADH2 are converted to NAD+ and FAD, donating electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen.E. energy derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2 is used to generate ATP. True / False Questions 55. Anabolic metabolism refers to pathways that build larger, more complex compounds. TRUE 56. Catabolic metabolism refers to pathways that break down compounds to smaller, simpler units. TRUE 57. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is irreversible. TRUE 58. Gluconeogenesis takes place in both the cytosol and the mitochondria. TRUE 59. Beta oxidation takes place in the mitochondria. TRUE 60. The kidney is the major organ that regulates metabolism. FALSE 61. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a result of a lack of insulin. TRUE 62. Ketone bodies are products of incomplete oxidation of fatty acids. TRUE 63. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is reversible. FALSE 64. The body can make glucose from fatty acids. FALSE 65. During an overnight fast, the primary fuel for the brain and central nervous system is amino acids. TRUE 66. High amounts of ketones in the blood show that the body is using protein as a fuel source. FALSE 67. The electron transport chain takes place in the cytosol. FALSE Matching Questions 68. Match the term with its definition. 1. Breakdown of fat to acetyl-CoA ketosis 4 2. Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources beta-oxidation 1 3. Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate glycolysis 3 4. Formation of excess ketone bodies gluconeogenesis 2 5. Electrons are transferred back and forth to make ATP electron transport chain 5 69. Match the term with its definition. 1. Removal of amine group from an amino acid carnitine 2 2. Carrier of fatty acids across mitochondrial membrane lipolysis 5 3. Compounds that transfer electrons deamination 1 4. Synthesis of fat cytochromes 3 5. Breakdown of triglycerides lipogenesis 4