Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practise

Part I: First Lecture History and Development of Nursing 2 Learning Objectives: • By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to: • Define Nursing concept. • Identify the historical perspectives and development in nursing. • Identify the Pioneers and leaders of Nursing • State the Factors Influencing Nursing development • State the levels of Nursing Education. • Identify the Nursing Education Programs in Saudi Arabia 3 Introduction Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Nurses practice in a wide diversity with a different scope of practice and level of prescriber authority in each. 4 Definition of Nursing • Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations. —American Nurses Association(ANA) 5 Scope of practice defined in nursing • The Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice describe the “who,” “what,” “where,” “when,” “why,” and “how” of nursing practice: • Who: Registered Nurses (RN) and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN) comprise the “who” constituency and have been educated, titled, and maintain active licensure to practice nursing. 6 Scope of practice defined in nursing • What: Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; facilitation of healing; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations. • Where: Wherever there is a patient in need of care. • When: Whenever there is a need for nursing knowledge, compassion, and expertise. 7 Scope of practice defined in nursing • Why: The profession exists to achieve the most positive patient outcomes in keeping with nursing’s social contract and obligation to society 8 History and Development of Nursing • Nursing in ancient civilization • Nursing in the Middle Ages • Dark Age of Nursing • The development of modern Nursing • Nursing in Islam and Saudi Arabia 9 History and Development of Nursing Nursing in ancient civilization • • • • • Ancient Egyptians Babylonian civilization ancient Rome ancient Greeks ancient India The early record of ancient civilization offers little information about those who care for the sick. During this time beliefs, about the cause of disease were embedded in superstition and magic and thus treatment ‫ابتسام على‬ /‫د‬ often involved magical cures. 10 History and Development of Nursing Nursing in the Middle Ages During this time, monasticism and other religious groups offered the only opportunities for men and women to pursue careers in nursing. It was the Christian value of “love the neighbor as the self" that had a significant impact on the development of western nursing. The principle of caring was established with Christ’s parable of Good Samaritan providing care for a tired and injured stranger. From the Middle ages to the 19th century, nursing was often left to “uncommon women” 11 History and Development of Nursing Dark Age of Nursing The few women who cared for the sick during this time were prisoners or prostitutes who had little or no training in nursing. Because of this, nursing was considered as the most minimal of all tasks, and had little acceptance and prestige. 12 History and Development of Nursing The development of modern Nursing Elizabeth Fry established the institute of Nursing Sisters. But in the latter half of eighteenth century Florence nightingale the founder of modern nursing changed the form and direction of nursing and succeeded in establishing it as a respected profession. The growth of hospitals was significantly influenced by the emergence of modern nursing. 13 Nursing in Islam and Saudi Arabia • The first known Muslim nurse and the founder of the nursing profession in the Arabic and Islamic history was Rufaida Al-Asalmiya. • Rufaida and a group of Muslim women assisted in the holy wars by providing first aid, drinking water, protecting the wounded and dying soldiers from the desert wind and heat, in addition to providing emotional support. • Other Muslim women practiced Nursing during the time of Prophet Mohammed, include Kuaibah Bint Saad Al-Aslamiya , She carried and took care of wounded Muslim soldiers during battles and also took care of patients during peaceful times. Nasibah Bint Kaab Almazenieh joined the Muslim armies and also provided care to the wounded soldiers. 14 Nursing in current Saudi Arabia • Classroom Discussion And Reading Assignment: Activity For The Second Lecture 15 Factors Influencing Nursing development •Women’s Roles (home caregiver) •Religion (religious values dominated nursing) •War (women- domination than men in nursing) •Societal Attitudes (doctor’s handmaiden) •Nursing Leaders (pioneers, e.g. Florence Nightingale) 16 Pioneers and leaders of Nursing • Florence Nightingale: the mother of nursing and the founder of modern nursing, public health and health promotion roles • Clara Barton : organized the American Red Cross • Linda Richards: America’s first trained nurse. • Mary Mahoney: America’s first African-American nurse. 17 Pioneers and leaders of Nursing • Lillian Wald: First community health nurse, and public health Nursing. • Lavinia Dock: Author of early textbooks. • Margaret Sanger: the founder of Planned Parenthood 18 Men in Nursing Luther Christian (20th century) 1st man nominated for president of ANA 1st man elected to American Academy of Nursing named “ living legend “ by ANA. 1st man inducted into ANAs Hall of Fame. 19 Types Of Nursing Education Programs • Licensed Practical (Vocational) Nursing Programs: • Are housed in community colleges, vocational schools, hospitals, or other independent health agencies. • These programs generally last 9 to 12 months and include both classroom and clinical experience. • At the end of the program, graduates take the NCLEX-PN to obtain licensure as a practical or vocational nurse. Types Of Nursing Education Programs I. Registered Nursing Programs 1-Diploma: Three-year programs: Today’s diploma programs are hospital-based educational programs that provide rich clinical experiences for nursing students. These programs often are associated with colleges or universities. 2-Associate degree (ADP): 2 years program: arose in the early 1950s, were the first and only educational programs for nursing that were systematically developed from planned research and controlled experimentation. • Most of these programs take place in community colleges. Types Of Nursing Education Programs I. Registered Nursing Programs 3-Baccalaureate degree (BSP): – Baccalaureate programs are located in senior colleges and universities and are generally 4 years in length. Programs include courses in the liberal arts, sciences, humanities, and nursing. The usual degree awarded is a BSN. – Some accelerated programs for those who have a baccalaureate degree in another field also offered. – BSN completion programs for those with diploma, associate degree Baccalaureate degree nurses Generally have more autonomy, responsibility, career advancement 23 II.Graduate Nursing Programs – Master's degree – Doctoral programs • PhD(Doctorate of Nursing Philosophy) • DNS(Doctorate of Nursing science) – Faculty roles in nursing education, research • DNP(Doctorate of Nursing Practice) – Highest degree for nurse clinicians 25 III. Continuing Education Programs – Formalized experiences designed to enhance knowledge, skills of practicing professionals – Responsibility of all practicing nurses – Some states require a number of Continuing Education credits to renew license – In-service education program may be offered by employer Nursing Education Programs in Saudi Arabia MOH MOED Doctoral Degree Master degree in Nursing Associate Diploma in Nursing In Intermediate Health Colleges (3 years + 6months internship)) (Baccalaureate degree) 4 years + 1 year internship Graduation from General High school (12 grade) Diploma in Nursing (3 years) Graduation after 9 grade 27