Moderna Covid-19 Vaccine examples ● Adverse event ○ Injection site ■ Pain ■ redness ■ Swelling ○ Systemic ■ Headache, Fatigue , muscle pains ● Vaccine efficacy ○ Percent reduction in disease incidence in vaccinated group compared to unvaccinated groups ○ 94.1% efficacy for COVID ■ higher the better ■ vaccinated people has 94.1% less risk of getting the disease. Vaccine inequality ● High income ○ Reach over 180 dose per 100 people ■ Includes double doses , third dose ○ Rolled out vaccines quickly and in high quantities ○ Suggests widespread access first second and booster doses ● Upper middle income countries ○ Closely followed high income countries ■ lagged slightly ○ 150-170 dose per 100 people ■ Decent access but few booster ● Lower Mid income countries ○ significantly behind ○ 90 dose per 100 ○ limited access to vaccines ■ Slower distribution ■ Fewer people vaccinated with complete regimens ● Lower income countries ○ barely 30 doses per 100 people ○ Many people have not have any first dose ● Few obvious tredns in terms of low middle and high income countires ● Asian countires generlly had high vaccine acceptance ● vaccine hesitancy is a major challenge to universal vaccination in many places Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants ● Viral mutation are random ● Natural selection determines which mutant spreads ● Major selective pressure? ○ replicate and transmit ○ avoiding immune response Post COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) ● Signs and symptoms develop during or following infection with COVID-19 ○ Continues more than 12 weeks ○ not explained by alternative diagnosis ○ More common in women than men ● Common symptoms ○ chronic cough ○ Shortness of breath ○ Chest tightness ○ Cognitive dysfunction ○ Extreme fatigue ● Possible basis of long term symptoms ○ Organ damage ○ Aberrant immune response ■ Cytokines that cross the blood brain barriers ○ Autoimmunity ○ Immune privileged sites