Lyme disease ● Borrelia Burgdorferi ○ Spirochete bacterium ● Ixodes tick vector (blacklegged tick) ● First skin lesion ○ Followed by neurologic cardiac involvement ● In Canada lyme disease is increasing ○ Climate change expanding habitat of black legged tick ○ Weaker winters allows better survival rate ○ Longer summer(tick season) ○ Wider animal host ■ Deers ■ Mice starts moving northwards with climate Lyme disease transmission is related to climate change and forest ecology ● Warming temperatures have expanded the range of ixodes ticks ● Fragmented forest unable to support native predators and competitors of white footed mice ● Fragmentation degrades natural pest regulation of the intact forest Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia ● High intensity pig farms and fruit orchard built in a region frequently by fruit bats ● Nipah viruses transmitted from bats to pigs (then to humans) ○ Host-Host transmission is possible even if tis cross species ○ Bats are reservoir ○ Pigs and human host Role Species Function Reservoir Fruit bats Carry Nipah virus long-term Host (amplification) Pigs Increase virus amount, transmit to humans Host Humans, pigs, bats infected