Robert McCrae & Paul Costa 5-factor

Unit 3 Chapter 11 Part 5 Robert McCrae & Paul Costa 5-factor Model/Big Five: 5 basic trait dimensions OCEAN ●​ Not interdependent: knowing score on one doesn’t give info on another dimension ●​ Aided with Geographical Psychology: environment live in affects behavior ○​ Ex. Lower in conscientiousness, higher in neuroticism: higher risk for AD ○​ Openness is positively related to cognitive ability, verbal, episodic memory ○​ Higher neuroticism associated with lower college volunteer rates 1.​ Openness: willingness to try new things/experiences a.​ High: creative, artistic, curious, imaginative b.​ Low: conversative, resistant to change, conventional, maintain status quo 2.​ Conscientiousness: organization and motivation a.​ High: organized, reliable, neat, ambitious, on-time, careful with belongings b.​ Low: lazy, careless, negligent, spontaneous, late, return in poor condition 3.​ Extraversion (Carl Jung): all people are either extraverts or introverts a.​ High Extraverts: talkative, optimistic, sociable, affectionate b.​ Low Introverts: Reserved, comfy being alone, stays in background 4.​ Agreeableness: emotional style of person a.​ High: good-natured, trusting, helpful b.​ Low: rude, uncooperative, irritable, aggressive, competitive 5.​ Neuroticism: emotional in/stability a.​ High: worrying, insecure, anxious, temperamental b.​ Low: calm, secure, relaxed, stable Walter Mischel Trait-Situation Interaction: particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed ●​ ●​ ●​ ●​ Ex. Outgoing extravert: talk with strangers at party but not at funeral Openness/Intellect connected: related to cognitive exploration Traits are influential but not absolute determinants of all human behavior Characteristic Adaptations: motives, goals, plans, interests, relationships ○​ Self-concept (self-esteem, knowledge, life) is a subcomponent of these ○​ Situational and external influences: cultural norms, social interactions, life ●​ Extraversion & Neurotism decrease when get older, but openness & Conscientiousness increase in adolescence but decrease in adulthood Behavioral Genetics: discovering genetic bases for personality characteristics ●​ Shortcoming: unable to conduct controlled research studies on humans Twin Studies: identical twins share 100% of genetic material; fraternal twins share 50% ●​ James Springer and Lewis “Jim” Twins: identical twins separated after birth, were similar of shared interests, marriage, drugs. Raised by similar socioeconomic backgrounds. Nature vs. Nurture ○​ Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins for traits ○​ Twins raised in separate environment; shared genetics account for most of the similarities in personality traits (empathy, leadership, intelligence) ○​ Genetic Nurture: genetics of parent (even not inherited) can impact environment, educational attainment Adoption Studies: unrelated people who are raised in same environment to see the influence of environment ●​ Confirmed results of twin studies: genetic influences account for large personality development regardless of shared or nonshared environments ○​ have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics Franz Gall Neuroscience (phrenology): certain areas of the brain are responsible for certain aspects of personality; skull would bulge out according to dominant traits ●​ Now: skull doesn’t budge but specific areas of the brain relate to personality ●​ Personality Neuroscience: aspects of personality relate to consistent patterns of functioning in the brain; uses both structural and functional neuroimaging methods to explore the biological bases of personality (The Big Five) ●​ Extraversion: higher medial orbitofrontal cortex, recognizing reward info (amygdala) ●​ Neuroticism: lower dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (responds to threat, punishment, negative emotions) and left posterior hippocampus. Higher middle cingulate cortex linked with error detection and pain response ●​ Agreeableness: higher posterior cingulate cortex linked with action intentions and mental states of others. Less superior temporal sulcus ●​ Conscientiousness: higher lateral prefrontal cortex linked to planning, working, memory, voluntary control of behavior ●​ Openness: mixed results but associated with dopamine and serotonin ●​ Cybernetic Big Five Theory (CB5T): personality through traits that are related to variations in brain structure and through characteristic adaptations or how someone’s life circumstances influence their goals, personal interpretations