Chapter 11 Notes Prejustice

Chapter 11 Notes Prejustice: negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group ●​ In-Groups: social groups with whom a person that identifies as "us" ○​ This creates prejudice and discriminatory treatment towards the out-group ●​ Out-Groups: social groups with whom a person doesn't identify "them" ○​ Stereotyped as superficial characteristic (skin or hair color) Discrimination: treating behavior people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong Microaggressions: minor insults and negative exchanges that members of the dominant culture often use toward minorities, which ads discriminatory treatment Scapegoating: person or group (typically out-group member) who is the target for frustrations and negative emotions of the in-group members ●​ Typically of least power, least power to resist ●​ Ex. Newest immigrants Origins of Prejudice - Social Cognitive Theory: use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world ●​ cognitive and environmental influences shape one’s beliefs, attitudes, and biases Realistic Conflict Theory: prejudice and discrimination will be increased between groups that are in conflict over a limited resource Jane Elliott - Brown Eyes, Blue Eyes Study: divided her students in 2 groups based on their eye color. Blue eyed were given privileges for extra recess and told they were superior. Brown-eyed out group was criticized by the blue eyed which caused lower test scores. Later, brown eyed was favored group which reversed the results. A Class Divided: Peters: students in that experiment reunited 15 years later to talk about it. The early experience helped them become less prejudiced as YA Social Identity Theory: the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison ●​ Social Identity: part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category ●​ Social Comparison: comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem Stereotype Vulnerability: effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior ●​ When people are aware of stereotypes of their own group, anxious in behaving in ways that support the stereotypes ●​ Causes anxiety and self-consciousness and have negative effects on their... Self-fulfilling Prophecy: one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way to make expectations more likely to occur (expectations influence behavior to do it) ○​ Ex. Teacher thinks student is smart -> treats better -> student then excels ○​ Highly related to Stereotype Threat: members of a stereotyped group are anxious of any situation where their behavior might confirm a stereotype ●​ Steele and Aronson Study: difficult verbal test to Caucasian and African Americans. Half of the Africans made them record their demographic, which made them have a decreased score as they were aware of their minority status. ○​ Self-fulfilling prophecy ●​ Yopyk and Prentice Study: some can overcome feelings of stereotype threat by identifying themselves with different social identity (identity reappraisal) neg -> pos ○​ Ex. Woman as college student rather than female ○​ Effect only for high self-esteem women Overcoming Prejudice - education of learning about people who are different from you by having direct contact with them ●​ Intergroup contact: common in college settings ○​ Ex. Where many different students from different backgrounds live, work, and study together and go through the same college experiences (exams) so they find common ground to build friendships and gain knowledge of their culture and background Sherif "Robber's Cave" Study: white 11-12-year-old boys were divided into 2 groups. They were kept apart. They formed in-groups and then competed against each other which caused high intergroup conflict. Later the groups had noncompetitive activities but they still created hostility. Not until weeks later did the boys form friendships between the groups ●​ Forced into a situation of Equal Status Contact: contact between groups where they have equal status with neither group having power over the other, thus reduce prejudice and discrimination