Unit 2 Chapter 8 Textbook 1

Lifespan Development Nature: heredity, inherited characteristics on personality, growth, social Nurture: influence of the environment on the same things Behavioral Genetics: how much behavior results from genetic inheritance or from person’s experiences Genetics: science of heredity DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): 2 sugar-phosphate strands bound by amines/bases that are an organic structure that codes for proteins that make up organic life ● Each DNA section is called a gene located on 23 paired chromosomes ● Dominant vs recessive genes ● Polygenic Inheritance: traits influenced by more than 1 pair of genes Disorders can be from the dominant gene: only 1 parent has to carry to be passed on ● Huntington’s Disease: breakdown of neurons in brain = less movement & cognitive ● Marfan’s Syndrome: connective tissue disorder = affects skeletal structure in spine, heart, and eyes Recessive gene: both parents must carry one recessive gene to be pass on to offspring ● ● ● ● cystic fibrosis: disease of respiratory and digestive tracts sick-cell anemia: blood disorder Tay Sachs disorder: fetal neurological disorder Phenylketonuria (PKU): infant born unable to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid that controls coloring of skin and care. If this builds up, brain damage can occur and affect intellectual activity Chromosome: formation of these cells causes chromosome to end in wrong cell st ● Down Syndrome: extra chromosome 21 pair ○ Wide almond-shaped eyes, intellectual disability, increased organ failure rd ● Klinefelter Syndrome: extra sex chromosome XXY 33 ○ Male with reduced male characteristics, enlarged breasts, obesity, excessive height rd ● Turner Syndrome: missing X on 23 Y ○ Female very short, infertile, sexually underdeveloped Research Designs ● Longitudial: partricipant(s) studied over LONG period ○ Can see age-related changes, but takes long time ● Cross-Section: diff age groups at once ○ Quick but not same individuals/age ● Cross-Sequential: cross-section then longitudinal ● Cohort Effect: impact on development when people share common life experience Behavorial Genetics: how much of behavior is due to genetic inheritance vs experience Polygenic Inheritance: grouped genes/traits that express single dominant trait Fertilization: egg (ovum) and sperm form a zygote that divide through mitosis Monozygotic Twins: 2 babies from (mono) 1 zygote (identical) ● One egg is fertilized by 1 sperm and then spilts (identical traits) Dizygotic Twins: 2 zygotes or more (fraternal) ● Twins are used to study differences in how environment influences development Bioethics: study of ethical and moral issues from new biological advances Pregnancy Stages: GECF Germinal Period: (2 weeks) Zygote divides into a mass of cells and moves down to the uterus and implants in the lining. Umbilical cord develops cord develops and connects to the forming placenta ● Cells differentiate into specialized cells (Stem Cells) Embryonic Period: (2-8 weeks) embryo and cells specialize with primitive eyes, lips, nose, lips, teeth, little arms/legs, beating heart but no functional organs (only structure) ● Has clearest examles of critical periods Critical Periods: (7-12 weeks) embryo receives nourishment from placenta – vulnerable to hazards and diseases from mother, drugs, toxins passed through placenta that can affect growing organs Teratogens: can cause birth defect ● Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASDs): physical and mental defects in growth, facial deformities, brain damage in intellectual disability ● Measles/Mumps: blind, deaf, heart defects, brain damage ● Marijuana: tremors and nervousness ● Cocaine: low weight/height, respiratory issues, seizures, low IQ ● Alcohol: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): physical & mental deformities, stunting ● Nicotine: miscarriage, still weight, low IQ, low weight ● Mercury: low IQ, blind ● High doses of Vitamin A: heart defeats, facial, ear, central nervous system ● Caffeine: miscarriage, low weight ● Toxoplasmosis, brain swelling, spinal abnormalities, low IQ, blind, deaf ● High water temp: high chance of neural tube defects Fetal Period: (8 weeks to birth) tremendous growth, functional organs, cells, CNS ● Highest miscarriage rate during first 3 months Age of Viability: 22-24 weeks – ability of human fetus to survive outside the uterus