Biology: Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Eukaryotes Biodiversity

SBI3U Grade 11 Biology Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Eukaryotes Biodiversity Test “BACTERIA” – PROKARYOTES Shapes of bacteria: Bacteria are small one celled monerans, like warm, dark and moist conditions. Spiral – Spirilla e.g Leptospira Interrogans Rod-Shaped – Bacillus, Bacillus e.g Bacillus Anthracis Round – Cocci. Coccus e.g neisseria meningitides Reproduction of Bacteria Bacteria is reproduced asexually through a process called Binary Fission ● One organism divides into two Asexual reproduction: ● is reproduction of a living thing from only one parent ● One main chromosome makes a copy of itself and then divides in 2 Sexual reproduction: ● 2 parents provide genetic material in order to produce offspring ● Meiosis (humans) Bacterial survival Bacteria survives through Endospores ● ● ● ● Thick celled structure that forms inside the cell Major cause of food poisoning Allows bacteria to survive for a long time With stands boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions ● Encloses all nuclear material and some cytoplasm Food sources Parasites: Organisms that feed off of living things Saprophytes: Organisms that feed off of dead materials Decomposers: Get food from breaking down matter into simple chemicals Aerobes: Use oxygen to survive Anaerobes: Don’t need oxygen to survive but some die when there is oxygen *eg soil HARMFUL VS HELPFUL Harmful: Can cause diseases, communicable disease: passed down from one organism to another Helpful: Decomposers help recycle nutrients into soil for other organisms, most are used to make antibiotics, some bacteria help make insulin, used to make industrial chemicals Controlling Bacteria Canning: Sealing food in airtight cans/jars after killing bacteria, endospores are killed Pasteurization: Heating milk to kill harmful bacteria Dehydration: Removing water from food, bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed Antiseptic: Chemicals that kill bacteria on living things (Hydrogen peroxide, soap, mouthwash) Disinfectants: Stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects (Lysol, Clorox) Nutrition of Bacteria Heterotroph- Get energy through other organisms Autotrophs- Get energy through light energy (photosynthesis) Photoheterotrophs- Takes organic molecules from the environment Chemoheterotrophs- Use energy through chemical reactions VIRUSES & PROKARYOTES ● Not a living organism ● ● ● ● ● Use DNA & RNA to store information Adapt to changing conditions by mutation Cant reproduce on their own, need a host to reproduce Made of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) Three shapes: Bacteriophage, tobacco mosaic, influenza They reproduce through: Lytic cycle: Bacteriophage attaches to the host cell and injects its DNA. Forces the hosts cells enzymes and synthesis to make copies of the DNA. Once there are many copies, the host cell bursts releasing new viruses. Cycle is repeated when they infect other cells. Lysogenic cycle: The viral genes are already in the host cell. Each time the host cell reproduces, the viral DNA is coped too. An environment change can trigger the viral DNA to separate from the hosts and start a lyric cycle. New bacteriophage are then made and released. Immunity A bacteria, virus, microorganism that can cause a disease Pathogen 1. Pathogen must be found in the host in every case 2. Pathogen must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture Koch’s Postulates Disease Identification – 3. When placed in a healthy host, pathogen must cause the disease 4. Pathogen must be isolated from the new host and shown to be the original pathogen Endemic Diseases Found normally in a population COMMON COLD Epidemic Diseases Many people acquire over a short period of time FLU Pandemic Diseases World-wide epidemic disease. Antibiotic Fights infections First Line Defenses/ Innate Immune System Second Line Inflammatory Defenses/ ● ● ● ● ● ● Skin Sweat Tears Saliva Mucus Stomach Acid ● ● ● ● Redness Heat Swelling Pain Third Line Defences/ – Recognizes, attacks, Immune System remembers each pathogen destroys and EUKARYOTES – PROTISTA Reproduction: Mitosis, spore formation, asexually & sexually Energy: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Mobility: Sessile or Motile Cell organization: Single celled Animal-like Protists: ● Protozoa ● Characterized mostly by its method of locomotion (Ability to move from one place to another ) ● Heterotrophs – scavengers, predators, parasites ● Most reproduce by mitosis, some sexual reproduction ● Protozoans – parasites that produce spores Example: Paramecium ( use cilia to move and sweep food ), Euglena ( Use flagella to move and hunt ), Amoeba (movement with pseudopodia) Plant-like Protists: ● ● ● ● ● Phytoplankton, aquatic Has chlorophyll but lack true plant like organs Autotrophs Usually sessile Classified based on chloroplasts and pigment Example: Green algae, Brown algae, Red algae Fungi-like Protists: ● ● ● ● Fungus like but also has characteristics of protozoa and plants Produces spores Motile Heterotrophs – decomposers Example: Molds and mildews EUKARYOTES – ANIMALIA Reproduction: Sexually – meiosis Energy: Heterotrophic – digest food Mobility: Motile Cell organization: Multicellular no cell walls Characteristics: All animals share the following characteristics: ● ● ● ● They are eukaryotic, multicellular and have no cell walls The are heterotrophs that usually ingest and then digest their food They are usually mobile, in at least one stage of their lives They reproduce sexually to produce an embryo that undergoes stages of development Structural Features: ● ● ● ● ● Made of hyphae (Tiny threads of cytoplasm ) Have cell walls made of chitin ( Hard material found in cockroaches ) Mycellia ( A web of hyphae under the fruiting body ) Fruiting body ( The visible part of the fungi, top of mushroom ) Mycorrhizae – vast amounts of mycelia. Fungus that forms a association with plant roots. Its function is to absorb sugars, starches, proteins and etc. Life cycle: ● ● ● ● ● ● Development from single cell to reproductive age Spores are haploid in number and are produced in sporangia Dispersed by air currents and help fungi disperse to new locations Spores produced by: mitosis asexual meiosis sexual Reproduction: Levels of organization: Atom -> Molecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism Number of body layers: All animals but cnidarian jelly fish and porifera sponges have three layers of cells ● Ectoderm: Skin, Nerve tissue ● Mesoderm: Muscle, Blood, Kidneys ● Endoderm: Form Lungs, Liver, Bladder Symmetry: Three types of symmetry ● Asymmetrical: No symmetry e.g. coral, sponges ● Radial symmetry: Symmetry in everyway cut e.g. jellyfish ● Bilateral symmetry: Only symmetrical e.g. dogs Segmentation: The division of body into repetitive section, or segments. E.g. centipede Movement: Most animals are mobile, but some are sessile e.g. sponges and coral Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Body Cavities – Digestive tract Coelom – Organs suspended in fluid filled cavity – Must have endoderm Coelomate Acoelomate Pseudo Coelomate Blastopore – Opening in the digestive tract Protostomes – Mouth Deutrosomes – Anus Amoebocyte Amniotes – Reptiles, birds, and mammals Amniotic Egg – Water proof egg with a shell