Antibodies Antigens and Cytokines

Antibodies, Antigens, and Cytokines Cytokines messengers of the immune system what is the purpose behind these mechanisms? there are a large number of biological functions that need to take place, so being able to use cytokines in different combinations and at different times is key. ALSO the immune system needs to be highly regulated and change as needed. Cytokine Actions Pleiotropy: one cytokine can have multiple effects Redundancy: multiple cytokines have the same effect Antigens and General Antibody Information scientists inject group #1 rabbits with a high dose of diptheria rabbits die they inject group #2 rabbits with low dose of diptheria rabbits live they inject group #2 rabbits with high dose rabbits live Why? - immunological memory -"vaccinated" the rabbits drew blood from group #2 rabbits and injected into group #3 rabbits they injected group #3 rabbits with a high dose of dip theria rabbits live what is the cell type/molecule responsible for protection (including memory and specificity)? the plasma gobulins proteins The Antibody Y 4 chains 2 heavy chains -2 light chains -globulin antibody immana globulin Antigen vs Pathogen antigen waad term med in a general sense for anything that could bind to an immune seceptor Antigens: antigen any substance (usly foreign) that binds to on immune receptor pathogen means to do harm characteristics foreign pathogen is considered an antigen BUT on onigon is (of antigen) non-self not always a pattragen. size the bigger it is, typically makes it more antigenic heterogeneity →deesn't contain repeating structures suseptibility to antigen processing cirtain cells will shop up the antigen characteristics genotype (of host) genetic precis position