University:
California State University, Northridge
Course:
BIOL 101 | General Biology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

20

Pages:

2
Author:

Mahmoud M.

Biology notes ● Cells are the smallest organisms ● Cells can only come from other cells ● Viruses are not living cells. ● all drugs and all diseases begin with CELL The basic function of cells ● Cells → form the structure of tissues and organs ● each cell works independently (as a right to be independent) ● Every cell has a limit. Protects itself from changes in the outside world (if not, dies) ● Cells use sugar for energy ● Each cell has communication with other information necessary for its own reproduction and cell interaction Other cells Multicellular organisms are created when cells interact with other cells Basic cellular elements and cell structures Organelles → small organs within the cell Cytoplasm → fluid-filled cell membrane (“cyto” = cell, “plasma” = liquid) ○ Cytoplasm makes up most of cells cell size Centrioles → rod-like structures found in cytoplasm ○ Important because cell division begins at the centriole ● Cell membrane → controls the movement of particles in and out of the cell ○ Drug must pass through the cell membrane ○ recruiting cell Lipids → one type of fat Steroids → mainly from cholesterol (cholesterol) There are many types/subsets ) Mitochondria → energy of the cell; produces ATP; females also have genetic material: ○ Men can transfer only chromosomes / D. ○ Females can transfer genetic material via chromosomes/DNA and mitochondria! ○ Example: Muscular Dystrophy = Mother carries gene in her mitochondria, Mother passes it on to a male (son) = So most muscular dystrophies are male (some genetic material is usually passed from mother to son and from father to daughter) Sex Chromosomes → Specify Gender; Male = XY; female = XX; ○ sometimes you can have X or Y Most Chromosomes → 23 autosomes from mother, 23 autosomes from father = 46 autosomes total Vacuum → storage tanks for brain ○ can store water, food and waste Golgi apparatus → bundles and Veins ○ of cells outside and produces mucus → ○ cells / waste; digests food particles, waste, cell debris and foreign invaders ○ by producing enzymes ○ part of the body's defense mechanism!