4.2 Attitude Formation and Attitude Change​ ​(Learning ​​Topic)

Name:​ ​Period:​ ​Unit 4: Social Psychology and Personality​ ​15-25%​​(of AP Exam Weighting)​ ​Modules:​ ​Essential Questions:​ ​ ​ ​Do people act the same when they are alone versus when they are in a group? Why or why not?​ ​ ​ ​How do expectations, biases, and attitudes affect our relationships with ourselves and others?​ ★ ★ ★ ​ ​ ​Why do you do what you do? Is your “why” determined by your personal choices or what you are rewarded​ ​to do?​ ​4.2 Attitude Formation and Attitude Change​ ​(Learning​​Topic)​ ​ earning Objective: 4.2.A​​Explain how stereotypes​​and implicit attitudes contribute to the​ L ​behaviors and mental processes of prejudice and​ ​Attitude​ ​An attitude is a belief and feeling about a person, group, or thing. Attitudes affect​ ​how we act.​ ​Social Identity​ ​Social identity is the part of your self-concept that comes from your group​ ​memberships. This can include race, religion, school, or team.​ ​Stereotype​ ​A stereotype is a general belief about a group of people. It may not be true for​ ​everyone in that group.​ ​Cognitive Load​ ​Cognitive load is how much mental effort you are using at one time. When​ ​cognitive load is high, people rely more on stereotypes.​ ​Prejudice​ ​Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a group. It is based on unfair judgments.​ ​Discrimination​ ​Discrimination is unfair treatment of a group. It is prejudice turned into action.​ ​Implicit Attitudes​ ​Implicit attitudes are automatic beliefs or feelings we may not be aware of. They​ ​can influence behavior without us realizing it.​ ​Just-World Phenomenon​ ​This is the belief that people get what they deserve. It can lead to blaming​ ​victims.​ ​Outgroup​ ​An outgroup is a group you do not belong to. People often see outgroups​ ​as different from themselves.​ ​Out-Group Homogeneity Bias​ ​This is the belief that members of an outgroup are all alike. People​ ​think “they are all the same.”​ ​Ingroup​ ​An ingroup is a group you belong to. People usually feel loyalty toward​ ​their ingroup.​ ​In-Group Bias​ ​In-group bias is the tendency to favor your own group. You may see​ ​your group as better than others.​ ​Ethnocentrism​ ​Ethnocentrism is believing your culture is better than others. It can lead to​ ​judging other cultures unfairly.​ ​Scapegoat Theory​ ​Scapegoat theory says people blame other groups when they are angry or​ ​frustrated. This can increase prejudice.​ ​Other-Race Effect​ ​The other-race effect is when people have more difficulty recognizing faces​ ​of another race. We are better at recognizing faces of our own race.​ ​ ther Notes:​ O ​Prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an action. Stereotypes can exist without​ ​someone knowing it.​ ​ nswer Learning Objective: 4.2.A​​Explain how stereotypes and implicit attitudes contribute to​ A ​the behaviors and mental processes of prejudice and​ ​Stereotypes are general beliefs about groups, and they shape how we see people. Implicit​ ​ ttitudes are automatic and can affect our behavior without us knowing. These mental shortcuts​ a ​can lead to prejudice, which is a negative attitude. When prejudice turns into action, it becomes​ ​discrimination.​ ​ earning Objective: 4.2.B​​Explain how belief perseverance​​and cognitive dissonance apply to​ L ​attitude formation and change.​ ​Belief Perseverance​ ​Belief perseverance is holding onto a belief even when there is evidence against​ ​it. People do not like changing their minds.​ ​Confirmation Bias​ ​Confirmation bias is looking for information that supports your beliefs. People​ ​ignore information that proves them wrong.​ ​Cognitive Dissonance​ ​Cognitive dissonance is the uncomfortable feeling when actions and beliefs do​ ​not match. People try to reduce this feeling by changing their attitude or behavior.​ ​Other Notes:​ I​AT: The IAT measures automatic associations between ideas and groups. It shows​ ​hidden or implicit biases.​ ​ lark Doll Test: The Clark Doll Test showed that some Black children preferred white​ C ​dolls over Black dolls. This showed how stereotypes can affect self-image.​ ​ nswer Learning Objective: 4.1 B​ ​Explain how locus of control (internal and external) applies​ A ​to behavior and mental processes​ ​ elief perseverance makes people keep their beliefs even when they are wrong. Confirmation​ B ​bias helps protect those beliefs by only looking at supporting evidence. Cognitive dissonance​ ​happens when behavior and beliefs do not match, causing discomfort. To reduce this​ ​discomfort, people often change their attitude or justify their actions.