4.3 Psychology of Social Situations​ ​(Learning Topic)

Name:​ ​Period:​ ​Unit 4: Social Psychology and Personality​ ​15-25%​​(of AP Exam Weighting)​ ​Modules:​ ​Essential Questions:​ ​ ​ ​Do people act the same when they are alone versus when they are in a group? Why or why not?​ ​ ​ ​How do expectations, biases, and attitudes affect our relationships with ourselves and others?​ ★ ★ ★ ​ ​ ​Why do you do what you do? Is your “why” determined by your personal choices or what you are rewarded​ ​to do?​ ​4.3 Psychology of Social Situations​ ​(Learning Topic)​ ​ earning Objective: 4.3.A​​Explain how the social situation​​affects behavior and mental​ L ​processes.​ ​Social Norms​ ​Social norms are rules about how people are expected to behave. They guide​ ​behavior in groups.​ ​Social inhibition​ ​Social inhibition is when people perform worse because others are watching. They​ ​may feel nervous or judged.​ ​Social Influence Theory​ ​Social influence theory explains how people change behavior because of others. It​ ​includes conformity and obedience.​ ​Normative Social Influence​ ​This happens when people conform to fit in. They want to be liked or​ ​accepted.​ ​Informational Social Influence​ ​This happens when people conform because they think others are correct.​ ​They use others as a source of information.​ ​Chameleon effect​ ​The chameleon effect is when people copy others’ behavior without​ ​realizing it. This helps people fit in socially.​ ​Persuasion:​ ​Elaboration likelihood model:​ ​This model explains two ways people are persuaded. It includes the central​ ​and peripheral routes.​ ​Central Route Persuasion:​ ​This happens when people think carefully about the message. It​ ​works best when someone is interested in the topic.​ ​Peripheral Route Persuasion:​ ​This happens when people focus on simple cues, like attractiveness​ ​or emotions. It does not require deep thinking.​ 😇 ​ Halo Effect:​ ​The halo effect is when one good trait makes us think​ ​someone is good in other ways. For example, thinking an​ ​attractive person is also smart.​ ​How information is presented:​ ​ - Foot-in-the-Door Technique​ 🦶🚪 ​This is when someone asks for a small favor first. After you agree,​ ​they ask for a bigger favor.​ 🚪 🦶 Door-in-the-Face Technique​ ​ - ​This is when someone asks for a big favor first and expects you to​ ​say no. Then they ask for a smaller favor.​ ​Conformity​ ​Conformity is changing behavior to match a group. It often happens because of​ ​pressure.​ ​Types​ ​Public conformity is changing behavior but not beliefs. Private conformity​ ​is changing both behavior and beliefs.​ ​When it is strengthened:​ ​Conformity is stronger in large groups. It is also stronger when the group is​ ​united and confident.​ ​Obedience​ ​Obedience is following orders from someone in authority. People often obey even​ ​if they feel uncomfortable.​ ​When it is strengthened:​ ​Obedience increases when authority is close and seen as legitimate. It also​ ​increases when victims are distant.​ ​Other Notes:​ ​ nswer Learning Objective: 4.3.A​​Explain how the social​​situation affects behavior and​ A ​mental processes.​ ​Social situations strongly affect how people act and think. People often follow social​ ​norms and change behavior to fit in. They may conform to be liked or obey authority​ ​figures. The way information is presented can also change attitudes and decisions.​ ​Learning Objective: 4.3.B​​Explain how being in a group can affect an individual’s behavior and​ ​mental processes.​ ​Culture​ ​Culture is the shared beliefs and behaviors of a group. It shapes how people think​ ​and act.​ ​Tight Culture​ ​Tight cultures have strict rules and low tolerance for deviance. People are​ ​expected to follow norms closely.​ ​Loose Culture​ ​Loose cultures have flexible rules and high tolerance for deviance. People​ ​have more freedom.​ ​Individualism​ ​Individualism values personal goals and independence. People focus on​ ​themselves.​ ​Collectivism​ ​Collectivism values group goals and teamwork. People focus on the group over​ ​themselves.​ ​Multiculturalism​ ​Multiculturalism supports respecting and accepting different cultures. It​ ​values diversity.​ ​Being a part of a group can lead to:​ ​Group Polarization​ ​Group polarization is when group discussion makes opinions stronger.​ ​People become more extreme.​ ​Groupthink​ ​Groupthink happens when a group values agreement over good decisions.​ ​Members ignore other viewpoints.​ ​Diffusion of Responsibility​ ​This is when people feel less responsible in a group. They think someone​ ​else will act.​ ​Bystandered effect​ ​The bystander effect is when people are less likely to help if others are​ ​around. Responsibility is shared.​ ​Social Loafing​ ​Social loafing is when people work less in a group. They rely on others to​ ​do the work.​ ​Deindividuation​ ​Deindividuation is losing self-awareness in a group. People may act in​ ​ways they normally would not.​ ​Social Facilitation​ ​Social facilitation is performing better on simple tasks when others are watching.​ ​It can hurt performance on hard tasks.​ ​False consensus effect​ ​This is believing others agree with you more than they actually do. It makes​ ​people feel validated.​ ​Social Trap​ ​A social trap is when short-term gains lead to long-term problems. People act in​ ​self-interest but harm the group.​ ​Superordinate Goals​ ​Superordinate goals are shared goals that require teamwork. They help reduce conflict.​ ​Industrial-organizational psychologists​ ​These psychologists study behavior in workplaces. They help improve teamwork​ ​and productivity.​ ​Other Notes:​ ​ nswer Learning Objective: 4.3 B​ ​Explain how being in a group can affect an individual’s​ A ​behavior and mental processes.​ ​ eing in a group changes how people think and behave. People may conform, loaf, or lose​ B ​self-awareness. Groups can also cause stronger opinions or poor decisions. Culture and shared​ ​goals influence how groups function.​ ​Learning Objective: 4.3.C​​Explain how prosocial behavior​​affects behavior and mental​ ​processes.​ ​Prosocial Behavior​ ​Prosocial behavior is helping others. It benefits someone else.​ ​Altruism​ ​Altruism is helping without expecting anything in return. It is selfless behavior.​ ​Social Responsibility Norm​ ​This is the belief that we should help those in need. It encourages kindness.​ ​The Bystander Effect​ ​The bystander effect reduces helping when others are present. People assume​ ​someone else will help.​ ​Social Exchange Theory​ ​This theory says people help when benefits outweigh costs. People think about​ ​rewards and risks.​ ​Reciprocity Norm​ ​The reciprocity norm is the idea that we should return favors. It helps maintain​ ​cooperation.​ ​Other Notes:​ ​ nswer Learning Objective: 4.3.C​​Explain how prosocial​​behavior affects behavior and mental​ A ​processes.​ ​ rosocial behavior encourages cooperation and kindness. It is influenced by norms, costs, and​ P ​rewards. People are more likely to help when they feel responsible or expect reciprocity. Social​ ​situations, like the presence of others, can increase or decrease helping behavior.