Anatomy & Physiology Lab - Prelims

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY TOPIC OUTLINE I. Laboratory Devices and Equipment Used in Anatomy and Physiology II. Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary System 2ND SEMESTER -PRELIMS 2. KYMOGRAPH FUNCTION: ► to record muscular motion, changes in blood pressure, and other physiological phenomena I. LABORATORY DEVICES AND EQUIPMENT USED IN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1. BINOCULAR COMPOUND MICROSCOPE FUNCTION: ► reveals the microscopic structure of organs and tissues ► elucidates the connection between structure and function, provides an understanding of the underlying chemistry through selective staining, and enables the comparison of normal and pathological tissues GLASS SLIDES AND COVER SLIPS FUNCTION: ► to hold the specimen in place ► protect specimen from contamination from the environment 3. INDUCTORIUM FUNCTION: ► a battery-operated apparatus containing induction coils used for producing a continuous pulsing electric current or a single pulse of current ► tetanic contraction of skeletal muscle, inhibition of the heart, the role of vasomotor nerves, and cortical localization 4. DIGITAL BP APPARATUS FUNCTION: 7. RESPIROMETER FUNCTION: ► used to help you keep your lungs healthy ► helps prevent lung infections by expanding your lungs, strengthening your lungs, keeping your lungs inflated 8. OSMOMETER (THISTLE FUNNEL) FUNCTION: ► 5. ANEROID BP APPARATUS FUNCTION: ► 9. URINOMETER FUNCTION: ► 6. STETHOSCOPE FUNCTION: ► listen to the sounds generated internally by your heart, lungs and intestinal tract 10. CLINICAL THERMOMETERS FUNCTION: ► 13. SYRINGE WITH NEEDLES FUNCTION: ► 14. TEST TUBES AND TEST TUBE RACKS FUNCTION: ► 11. GRADUATED CYLINDER FUNCTION: ► 15. LANCET FUNCTION: ► 12. BEAKERS FUNCTION: ► 16. NEUROLOGICAL REFLEX HAMMER FUNCTION: ► 19. HOT PLATE FUNCTION: ► 17. DISSECTING PAN FUNCTION: ► 20. HUMAN TORSO MODEL FUNCTION: ► 18. DISSECTING KIT FUNCTION: ► HUMAN PALM SKIN (40X) II. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM A. SKIN & ACCESORY STRUCTURES B. HISTOLOGICAL LAYERS OF THE PALM SKIN ‘ HUMAN SCALP (40X) B. HISTOLOGICAL LAYERS OF THE SCALP SKIN HUMAN FOLLICLE (100X) SWEAT GLANDS (100X) C. CROSS-SECTION OF THE SWEAT GLAND (PALM SKIN) SEBACEOUS GLANDS (100X) A. Does the ability to localize the stimulus improves on the third try, from the repetition of the sensation it is easier to sense where the marking was? - The ability to localize the stimulus improves on the third try, from repetition of the sensation. It is easier to sense where the markings were. B. Which has the smallest error of localization (most sensitive to touch)? - In the experiment, the area which was most sensitive to touch was the fingertips. PLOTTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SWEAT GLANDS A. Which area of the skin has the most sweat glands? - The palms and soles of the feet has the most sweat glands B. What substance in the bond paper does the painted iodine iodine on the skin react? - The substance in the bond paper that makes iodine and skin react is starch, specifically starch 13. C. Which area of the skin has more sweat glands? - Palm of the skin has more sweat glands D. Which organs system controls the activity of the eccrine sweat glands? - The sympathetic nervous system III. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM, INCLUDING JOINTS AND MOVEMENTS CLASSIFICATION OF BONES – MAJOR DIVISIONS AXIAL SKELETON ► ► Axis of the body Axial skeleton is made up of the bones in your head, neck, back, and chest AXIAL SKELETON 22 Skull Bones 1. 14 Facial Bones 2. 8 Cranial Bones • 2 maxilla *1 frontal bone • 2 palatine *1 occipital bone • 2 zygomatic bones *2 parietal bones • 2 lacrimal bones *2 temporal bones • 2 nasal bones * 1 sphenoid bone • 1 vomer * 1 ethmoid bone • 2 concha • 1 mandible • 1 inferior nasal bone 6 Auditory Ossicle Bones • 2 malleus • 2 incus • 2 stapes 26 Vertebral Column Bones • 7 cervical vertebra • 12 thoracic vertebra • 5 lumbar vertebra • 1 sacrum (5 fused bones) • 1 coccyx (3-5 fused bones) 25 Ribcage Bones • 1 sternum • 24 ribs 1 Hyoid Bone The four major cranial sutures are: • lambdoid suture (between the occipital and parietal bones) • coronal suture (between the frontal and parietal bones) • sagittal suture (between the two parietal bones) • squamous sutures (between the temporal and parietal bones) APPENDICULAR SKELETON ► ► Appendage, bones attached to the axial skeleton shoulders, pelvis and limbs, including your arms, hands, legs and feet APPENDICULAR SKELETON 60 Upper Appendicular Bones • 2 humerus • 2 radius • 2 ulna • 16 carpal bones • 10 metacarpal bones • 28 phalanges 60 Lower Extremity Bones • 2 femur • 2 tibia • 2 fibula • 2 patella • 14 tarsals • 10 metatarsals • 28 phalanges 4 Pectoral Girdle Bones • 2 scapula • 2 clavicles 2 Pelvic Girdle Bones • 2 os coxae (each contains 3 fused bones) • Hand Bones • Plalanges (Fingers) • Metacarpals (Palm) • Carpals (Wrist) • Some Lovers Try Positions That Th ey Can’t Handle. The eight carpal bones of the wrist are the Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pi siform, Trapezoid, Trapezium, Capit ate, Hamate. • • • • • Femur- Thigh Bone Patella – knee, supports the quadriceps tendon Tibia (shin)- larger bone Fibula- smaller bone Feet bones- tarsal (ankle), metatarsal (sole) , phalanges (toes) CLASSIFICATION OF BONES – ACCORDING TO SHAPE SHAPE Flat Bones FUNCTION protect internal organs Long Bones support weight and facilitate movement Short Bones stability and small movements Sesamoid Bones tendon protection Irregular internal protection organ EXAMPLES B. FEATURES OF LONG BONES • Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone • Diaphysis • Shaft • Composed of compact bone • Epiphysis • Ends of the bone • Composed mostly of spongy bone • Structure of a Long Bone • Periosteum • Outside covering of the diaphysis • Fibrous connective tissue membrane • Sharpey’s fibers • Secure periosteum to underlying bone • Arteries • Supply bone cells with nutrients • • Articular cartilage • Covers the external surface of the epiphyses • Made of hyaline cartilage • Decreases friction at joint surfaces Medullary cavity • Cavity of the shaft • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants JOINT MOVEMENTS Articulations of bones Functions of joints • Hold bones together • Allow for mobility • Ways joints are classified • Functionally • Structurally FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS Synarthroses • immovable joints (sutures, gomphoses, synchondroses Amphiarthroses • slightly moveable joints (syndesmoses, symphyses) Diarthroses • freely moveable joints (gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket joints) • • STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS Fibrous joints • articulating bones joined by fibrous connective tissues • -examples- sutures of the skull, syndesmoses of joints between tibia-fibula and radius-ulna, gomphoses of teeth Cartilaginous • Join bones with fibrocartilage joints or hyaline cartilage • -examples- symphyses found in intervertebral joints, symphysis pubis, sacroiliac joints Synovial joints • enclosed by fibroelastic joint capsules, lined with thin synovial membrane FIBROUS JOINTS • Between the articulations of fibrous joints is thick connective tissue, which is why most (but not all) fibrous joints are immovable (synarthroses). Sutures • Sutures are nonmoving joints that connect bones of the skull. These joints have serrated edges that lock together with fibers of connective tissue. Gomphoses • The fibrous articulations between the teeth and the mandible or maxilla are called gomphoses and are also immovable. Syndesmosis • A syndesmosis is a joint in which a ligament connects two bones, allowing for a little movement (amphiarthroses). The distal joint between the tibia and fibula CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS • Joints that unite bones with cartilage are called cartilaginous joints. Synchondrosis • A synchondrosis is an immovable cartilaginous joint. One example is the joint between the first pair of ribs and the sternum. Symphysis • A symphysis consists of a compressible fibrocartilaginous pad that connects two bones. This type of joint allows for some movement. The hip bones. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Gliding joints • move against each other on a single plane. Major gliding joints include the intervertebral joints and the bones of the wrists and ankles. Hinge joints • Pivot joints • Condyloid joint • Saddle joint • Ball-and-socket joint • move on just one axis. These joints allow for flexion and extension. Major hinge joints include the elbow and finger joints. provides rotation. At the top of the spine, the atlas and axis form a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head. allows for circular motion, flexion, and extension. The wrist joint between the radius and the carpal bones is an example of a condyloid joint. allows for flexion, extension, and other movements, but no rotation. In the hand, the thumb’s saddle joint (between the first metacarpal and the trapezium) lets the thumb cross over the palm, making it opposable. is a freely moving joint that can rotate on any axis. The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ball and socket joints. IV. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBER ORIGIN LOCATION OF ATTACHMENT MUSCLE ACTION SKELETAL MUSCLE INTERACTIONS • ORIGIN - end of the muscle attached to a fixed (stabilized) bone • INSERTION - moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled • Prime movers/agonist - muscle that provides the primary force driving the action. • Antagonist - muscle in opposition to a prime mover in that it provides some resistance and/or reverses a given movement. NOTE: Prime movers and antagonists are often paired up on opposite sides of a joint, with their prime mover/antagonist roles reversing as the movement changes direction. • Synergists - muscles that assist the prime mover in its role. AGONIST Biceps brachii: in the anterior compartment of the arm Hamstrings: group of three muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh ANTAGONIST Triceps brachii: in the posterior compartment of the arm Quadriceps femoris: group of four muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh MOVEMENT The biceps brachii flexes the forearm, whereas the triceps brachii extends it. The hamstrings flex the leg, whereas the quadriceps femoris extend it. HOW ARE MUSCLES NAMED? LOCATION SHAPE SIZE Frontalis – frontal lobe Lateralis – lateral or on the side Tibialis anterior – front of tibia Fibularis longus – near fibula Supra - above Infra - below Sub - underneath Deltoid – Triangular (Deltoid) Trapezius – Trapezoid (Trapezius) Orbicularis – Circular (Orbicularis oculi) Latissimus - wide Teres - round Serratus – saw-toothe Maximus – Largest (Gluteus maximus Longus – Long (Adductor longus) Latissimus – Widest (Latissimus dorsi) Longissimus – Longest (Longissimus capitis) Major – Larger (Pectoralis major) Minor – Smaller (Pectoralis minor) Rectus – straight (Rectus abdominis) Transverse – Perpendicular to midline (Transversus abdominis) Oblique – Diagonal to midline (External oblique) Biceps = two origins Triceps = three origins Quadriceps = four origins Sterno = sternum Cleiodo = clavicle Mastoid = location on the temporal bone •flexor carpi radialis – flexes wrist •abductor magnus – abducts the thigh •extensor digitorum – extends the fingers •levator – lifts a structure