Acquired Antibiotic resistance ● De novo mutation in chromosomal genes or genetic elements ● Acquisition of foreign DAN on Mobile Genetic Elements (MGEs) ● HGT driving force behind dissemination of ARGS Post antibiotic Era ● AMR among top 10 threats for global healths (WHO) ● By 2030 AMR may cause 3.4 trillion USD/year GDP loss ● LIC/LMICs expected to be more adversely affected by AMR ● AMR could increased livestock mortality rate Why one health approach on AMR ● Antibiotic use in animal=> development of resistant bacteria ○ Spread into human through food consumption ● Environmental reservoirs ○ Resistant bacteria and residue can accumulate in environment ■ Agricultural runoff ■ Waste water ● Global movement of pathogens ○ Trade of livestocks world wide ○ Controlling AMR might need coordination between countries How does this affect individual Canadian ● Harder to treat infection ○ Common infections such as pneumonia, skin infection may not respond in primary defence ● Increased cost of health care ● Medical procedures ○ surgeries , chemotherapies rely on antibiotics to prevent infection ○ Unable to treat it now