1. __________ are the sibling pair that contains the highest amount of genetic overlap. *A. Monozygotic twins B. Dizygotic twins C. “Fused” twins D. Maternal siblings 2. An empiricist in developmental psychology would argue that your intelligence comes primarily from A. your genetics. B. your brain structure. *C. early environmental exposures. D. a strong combination of both nature and nurture. 3. When determining where overlaps exist between siblings in heritability studies, researchers often try to differentiate the ___________ environments when examining how nurture impacted an aspect of something that developed. A. childhood and adulthood B. prenatal and postnatal *C. shared and unshared D. conscious and unconscious 4. In the heritability equation T = G + E, the T represents the ________ in the equation. A. trait B. time C. transactional value *D. total variance 5. Heritability research suggests that the cap on heritability for all 5 of the “Big Five” personality traits is approximately a correlation of A. .2. B. .3. C. .4. *D. .5. 6. Research on “evocation” and “goodness of fit” were both discussed during the developmental lecture while explaining the source of A. high overlaps in traits between siblings. *B. the lower than expected degree of overlap in traits between siblings. C. the reason why genetics mean so much in development of traits. D. the importance of early adulthood in trait development. 7. Though the effects weren’t large, research has suggested that firstborns tend to have _______ than later siblings. *A. higher neuroticism and extraversion B. lower neuroticism and extraversion C. higher neuroticism and lower extraversion D. lower neuroticism and higher extraversion 8. One of the biggest confounds in birth order effect research is consistently _________. This confound can be tied to many other factors that leads to differences discovered between children born at different birth order places. *A. family size B. family mobility C. regional affiliation D. childhood educational opportunities 9. When looking at development, evocation suggests that a child A. cannot control much of his/her environment until adulthood. B. plays only a small role in the development of his/her traits. C. is already on a course of development even before birth. *D. is an agent if his/her own socialization. 10. Biologically, gender is determined by our _____ that is a part of our human genome. A. first chromosome *B. 23rd chromosome C. 112th allele D. first and 23rd chromosome 11. The concept of gender dimorphism addresses the exchange between a person’s __________ when determining gender. A. family and friend environments *B. biological and social environment C. emotions and cognitions D. sexual identity and orientation 12. Biologically, ____ of the population is defined as “intersex”. A. .000007% *B. 0.2% C. 1% D. 3% 13. Arlene has self-identified as “homosexual”. This description is specifically referencing Arlene’s A. gender identity. B. biological structure. *C. erotic orientation. D. gender role. 14. Children often can clearly identify gender types and roles by the age of ____. *A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 15. Twin studies on homosexuality has shown that the concordance rates of identical twins is nearly _______ for both males and females. A. 10% *B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% 16. Research done by Wynn in 1992 that utilized puppets to test for arithmetic abilities in infants/children suggested that humans can understand basic arithmetic principles as young as the age of _______. *A. 4-5 months B. 1-2 years C. 2-3 years D. 5+ years 17. When critiquing the developmental theories of Piaget, many have noted that the cognitive changes in children occur ____________. This recognition has led many to change the way we test for changes in cognitive performance. *A. quickly, but not instantly B. much slower than he argued C. instantly, not over time D. verbally before mentally 18. A researcher studies children of several ages, and then studies the same children five and ten years later. What research design is this? A. cross-sectional *B. sequential C. double-blind D. retrospective 19. What was Jean Piaget’s summary about children’s thinking? A. It is like adults', but less informed. *B. It is qualitatively different from adults'. C. It is like adults', but less decisive. D. It is like adults', but slower. 20. To test whether an infant has the concept of object permanence, what would Piaget examine? A. whether the infant knows the name of the object B. whether the infant knows that an object’s weight is the same after its shape changes C. whether the infant has a schema for the object *D. whether the infant looks for the object after it has been covered up 21. Tests like the Thematic Apperception Tests—where researchers have you look at a vague picture and describe the scene—are designed to measure __________. A. explicit motivation levels *B. implicit motivation levels C. implicit learning. D. explicit learning. 22.Though not all forms of implicit life have found much support through research, we have consistently found that implicit ______ seems to exist and play a relatively critical role in our daily activities. A. learning B. emotions C. motives *D. perception 23. Circadian rhythms are partially controlled by the release of which hormone? A. leptin B. adrenaline C. insulin *D. melatonin 24. A very brief masked visual stimulus is not perceived consciously at all. However, a slightly longer stimulus is perceived, and appears to have lasted the entire duration of the stimulus. What conclusion follows? *A. We sometimes construct a perception after a stimulus, not simultaneously with it. B. Consciousness requires a stimulus to reverberate between the two hemispheres. C. It is possible to do complex reasoning without being conscious. D. More prolonged stimuli activate brain areas closer to the speech centers. 25. Sleepwalking occurs mostly in stages 3 and 4 of sleep. Why would it be unlikely in REM? A. Brain activity is too low during REM. *B. Major muscles are paralyzed during REM. C. REM periods last only a few seconds. D. Sleepwalking occurs mostly in children and REM occurs mostly in adults. 26. Scientific studies have most strongly supported that hypnosis can *A. reduce the distress of pain, although it reduces the intensity of pain only slightly. B. make people totally deaf. C. give you physical strength that you would not have otherwise. D. make you do things that you would never do otherwise. 27. The degree of break from reality that a person is displaying can be described in the ________ level of a person identified by a clinician. A. somatization B. neurosis *C. psychosis D. behavioral 28. “Autism spectrum disorder” and “intellectual disability” are both classifications found in the _______ category of mental illnesses. A. organic brain syndromes B. dissociative disorders C. behavioral disorders *D. developmental disorders 29. Subsequent versions of the DSM have generated ______ disorders and diagnosis categories as the DSM has evolved over the years. A. fewer clinical *B. more clinical C. an inconsistent change in the number of D. the exact same number of 30. Research has often suggested that it is probably better to define disorders in _____ sets since ____________. A. proper; everyone diagnosed with a specific disorder tends to share very similar features. B. fuzzy; everyone diagnosed with a specific disorder tends to share very similar features. C. proper; people diagnosed with a specific disorder often display different combinations of features. *D. fuzzy; people diagnosed with a specific disorder often display different combinations of features. 31. An experimental psychopathologist examines *A. the processes underlying and relating to abnormal behavior. B. the best treatments for different disorders. C. the validity of different clinical theories. D. the best definition for different disorders. 32. Eye-tracking research has suggested that several disorders can be linked to ________ eye-tracking movements in comparison to control participants. A. faster B. slower *C. more erratic D. smoother 33. Blunted/flat affect often displayed in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia relates directly to the ___________ for the individual displaying these symptoms. A. both expressed and felt emotions *B. expressed, but not felt emotions C. felt, but not expressed D. surprisingly, neither felt nor expressed emotions 34. The manual used by most clinicians in the United States for diagnosing mental illness is abbreviated: A. WAIS. *B. DSM. C. WCST. D. fMRI. 35. Many people with panic disorder also develop a strong fear of which of these? A. darkness B. heights C. medical procedures *D. open, public places 36. An observer monkey that is not afraid of snakes watches another monkey that becomes very afraid when it sees a snake. The observer monkey may or may not become afraid of snakes, depending on A. whether or not the other monkey screams and makes gestures. *B. whether or not it can see the snake as well as the other monkey. C. whether it is older or younger than the frightened monkey. D. whether or not it has ever been bitten by a snake itself. 37. Systematic desensitization is a special type of which psychotherapy? A. psychoanalysis B. family therapy *C. behavior therapy D. cognitive therapy 38. What do all or nearly all addictive substances (and experiences) have in common? A. They correlate with an increase in the flow of blood to the left hemisphere of the brain. B. They are linked to a decrease in the amplitude and velocity of action potentials in the brain. C. They are linked to a block of the release of serotonin in the hippocampus of the brain. *D. They are linked to a release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the brain. 39. Lithium salts and certain anticonvulsant drugs are often successful treatments for which disorder? A. generalized anxiety disorder B. paranoid schizophrenia C. opiate dependence *D. bipolar disorder 40. In treating depression, cognitive therapy __________, whereas drug therapy __________. A. works faster...is cheaper B. is cheaper...works in more people *C. has more long-lasting benefits...works faster D. has fewer side effects...works in more people 41. Which of these is considered a “negative” symptom of schizophrenia? *A. impoverished social behavior B. hallucinations C. delusions D. alternation between two or more personalities 42. What type of therapist concentrates on helping people change their interpretation of events, and helping them abandon unrealistic goals? *A. cognitive therapist B. psychoanalyst C. behavior therapist D. pharmacotherapist 43. The distinguishing feature of person-centered therapy is that the therapist *A. provides an atmosphere in which the client deals with his or her own problems. B. provides reinforcement for gradual approximations to specific goals. C. does most of the talking in each therapy session. D. interprets behavior by means of a combination of Freud's, Jung's, and Adler's theories. 44. As a good researcher, before we can evaluate the effectiveness of a therapy, what must we first know? *A. What percentage would have improved without therapy B. What percentage of the clients were male and female C. How much the therapy cost D. What percentage of these individuals had insurance 45. What does deinstitutionalization mean? *A. the removal of patients from mental hospitals. B. a complete mental breakdown. C. reduction of the amount of paperwork required for insurance coverage. D. providing drug treatment instead of psychotherapy. 46. Over the last half century, one very consistent trend in treatment of the “mentally ill” has been A. decreased attention to cultural influences. B. increased reliance on psychoanalysis. *C. decreased long-term commitment to mental hospitals. D. decreased use of drugs. 47. In clinical terms, the ______ of a disorder is related to the internal and personal factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of a disorder developing. A. stress B. confluence *C. diathesis D. generativity 48. Most major disorders (schizophrenia, adolescent conduct disorder, depression, etc.) have often been linked to ___________ when looking for causes using the diathesis-stress model. A. primarily the diathesis portion B. primarily the stress portion *C. the diathesis AND stress D. neither the diathesis nor the stress consistently since each individual case varies so much 49. The presence of the 5-HTT gene has been linked to higher rates of __________ diagnoses in individuals. A. schizophrenia B. bipolar disorder C. panic disorder *D. depression 50. Rosenhan’s famous “Pseudopatient Study” in 1973, as well as subsequent follow-ups on this project, all reveal how *A. labels of disorders can highly impact the perception and treatment of individuals with these labels. B. many people still inherently believe that we can “catch” disorders. C. gender biases with disorders are a large problem. D. training is critical for effective treatment of major disorders.