Alarm Reaction in Birds Tinbergen (1951) • Distress Call Food-Begging in Herring-Gull Chicks Tinbergen (1951) Releasing Stimulus • Imprinting – Moving Object • Alarm Reaction – “Hawklike” Silhouette • Food-Begging – Contrasting Spot – Chick’s Peck The Zig-Zag Dance of the Stickleback Tinbergen (1951) • Red-Bellied Male – Head-Down Threat Posture • Female with Swollen Abdomen – Head-Up Receptive Posture • Zig-Zag Dance • Female Lays Eggs – Stimulated in Hindquarters • Male Tends Nest Evolution of Behavior • Evolution Shapes Behavior as well as Body Morphology • Adaptation to Environmental Niche • Change in Species Characteristics Over Evolutionary Time • How Can Individuals and Species Adjust to New Circumstances? Positive Phototaxis in Sea Turtles Limitations on Innate Responses to Stimulation • Stimulus Must be Physically Present in Current Environment • Cannot Respond to New Stimulus • Cannot Acquire New Responses • Little Opportunity for Trial-and-Error Learning How Can Individuals Modify Their Responses to Environmental Stimulation? Learning • Relatively Permanent... • Change in Behavior... • Resulting from Experience. – Not Drugs – Not Injury – Not Maturation Pavlov’s Apparatus Classical Conditioning of “Psychic” Reflexes Classical Conditioning Phase 1: Bell, Food Phase 2: Bell ==> Food Phase 3: Bell Alone Basic Vocabulary of Classical Conditioning • • • • Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response US UR CS CR