The Endocrine System Answer Key Part 4

115) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is A) cortisol. B) somatotropin. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) aldosterone. Answer: C 116) In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, A) blood glucose levels are very high. B) excessive thirst is shown. C) glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. D) a large excretion of urine occurs. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E 117) Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin? A) glycosuria B) ketoacidosis C) high blood glucose D) low blood glucose E) polyuria Answer: D 118) Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the A) zona glomerulosa. B) zona fasciculata. C) zona reticularis. D) suprarenal medulla. E) pars intermedia. Answer: C 119) When blood glucose levels rise, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up less glucose. D) protein synthesis decreases. E) peripheral cells break down glycogen. Answer: A 120) When blood glucose levels fall, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up more glucose. D) protein synthesis increases. E) calcitonin is secreted. Answer: B 121) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P. Answer: A 122) The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P. Answer: C 123) The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatotropin. D) digestive enzymes. E) bile. Answer: D 124) Type II diabetes is characterized by: A) a lack of response by target cells to insulin B) a decrease in secretion by pancreatic beta cells C) excessive secretion of glucagon D) inadequate insulin production E) low blood-glucose concentration Answer: A 125) Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood? A) calcitonin B) cortisol C) insulin D) glucagon E) parathyroid hormone Answer: C 126) Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system C) blood-glucose concentration D) hypothalamus E) tropic hormones from the pituitary gland Answer: C 127) The currently recognized normal range of blood-glucose is: A) 8-10 Ac1 units B) 100 - 120 mg/dl C) 50-200 mg/dl D) 70-110 mg/dl E) 70-90 mg/dl Answer: D 128) The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) A) contain four types of endocrine cells. B) make up almost half of the pancreas. C) produce some digestive enzymes. D) secrete hormones into the pancreatic duct. E) secrete hormones to regulate blood-calcium levels. Answer: A 129) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is A) somatotropin. B) cortisol. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) erythropoietin. Answer: C 130) Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in A) acromegaly. B) goiter. C) diabetes mellitus. D) diabetes insipidus. E) Addison's disease. Answer: C 131) A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except A) elevated blood pressure. B) increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney. C) increased water retention. D) increased urine production. E) increased blood volume. Answer: D 132) Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the A) kidneys. B) liver. C) heart. D) lungs. E) blood. Answer: D 133) The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) erythropoietin. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) adrenaline. Answer: A 134) The interstitial cells of the testes produce A) LH. B) progesterone. C) testosterone. D) inhibin. E) FSH. Answer: C 135) Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) inhibin E) gonadotropins Answer: A 136) A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes A) testosterone. B) progesterone. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) androstenedione. Answer: B 137) The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is A) testosterone. B) LH. C) inhibin. D) aldosterone. E) somatostatin. Answer: C 138) The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are A) thymosins. B) corticosteroids. C) aldosterones. D) thyroxines. E) somatotropins. Answer: A 139) Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) atrial natriuretic peptide Answer: B 140) The kidneys secrete A) renin. B) erythropoietin. C) calcitriol. D) hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E 141) Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the A) bone marrow of the skeletal system. B) splenic pulp of the lymphatic system. C) endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system. D) hypothalamus of the nervous system. E) epidermis of the integumentary system. Answer: E 142) The heart is known to secrete all of the following hormones, except A) ANP. B) BNP. C) thymosin. D) thyroxine. E) thymosin and thyroxine. Answer: E 143) Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of these hormones? A) somatostatin B) thyroxine C) growth hormone D) sex hormones E) insulin Answer: D 144) The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is A) testosterone. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) thyroid hormone. E) epinephrine. Answer: E 145) Proper growth requires which of these hormones? A) thyroid hormone B) calcitriol C) insulin D) growth hormone E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E 146) During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is A) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin. B) decreased mental alertness. C) mobilization of energy reserves. D) increased urine release. E) decreased rate of respiration. Answer: C 147) If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) extension E) prolonged Answer: B 148) Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the A) mineralocorticoids. B) androgens. C) glucocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) gonadotropins. Answer: C 149) During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) A) lipid reserves are mobilized. B) proteins are conserved. C) blood glucose levels fall drastically. D) levels of growth hormone decrease. E) levels of insulin decrease. Answer: A 150) The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by A) failure of electrolyte balance. B) increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen. C) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart. D) a sharp increase in motivation and energy. E) an increase in urine output. Answer: A Short Answer Questions 151) The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes. Answer: calmodulin 152) In the endocrine system, the functional counterparts of neural reflexes are ________. Answer: endocrine reflexes 153) Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells. Answer: catecholamines 154) The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through the binding of hormones to ________ on target cells. Answer: receptors 155) Peripheral cells that respond to a hormone are called ________. Answer: target cells 156) The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ________. Answer: neurohypophysis 157) The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ________. Answer: adenohypophysis 158) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can be divided into three parts: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars __________. Answer: tuberalis 159) Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called ________. Answer: gonadotropins 160) The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the ________. Answer: isthmus 161) The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone. Answer: thyroid follicles 162) Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid ________. Answer: tyrosine 163) The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney. Answer: suprarenal 164) The outer layer of the suprarenal gland is the ________. Answer: suprarenal cortex 165) The inner portion of the suprarenal gland is the ________. Answer: suprarenal medulla 166) The suprarenal cortex produces steroid hormones called ________. Answer: corticosteroids 167) Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus. Answer: leptin 168) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called ________. Answer: antagonists 169) Two hormones that have additive effects are called ________. Answer: synergists 170) When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called ________. Answer: permissive 171) Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called ________. Answer: integrative 172) The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is ________. Answer: epinephrine 173) The consistent pattern of hormonal and physiological responses to stresses of different kinds is called the ________. Answer: general adaptation syndrome or stress response Essay Questions 174) Communication between cells is key to organism-level regulation of the internal environment to maintain health, that is, nearly constant internal conditions (homeostasis). Outline and compare the intercellular communication pathways that function to provide homeostasis. Answer: Intercellular communication occurs largely through the nervous system and the endocrine system. In general, the nervous system performs short-term "crisis management," whereas the endocrine system regulates longer-term, ongoing metabolic processes. Ideally, the nervous system communicates by an impulse over an axon to a neuron or some other effector. This is a very fast and spatially specific process. In contrast, the endocrine system relies on blindly sending out chemical messages to the whole body through the blood and interstitial fluid. This process is slow, and relies on the response of a different target cell. 175) Jane lives in Appalachia and suffers from hypothyroidism. Her thyroid gland is enlarged, her body temperature is low, and her hair and skin look brittle and dry. Blood tests show very low levels of circulating iodine, T3, and T4, but high levels of TSH. What is your diagnosis? What treatment would you recommend? Answer: Jane appears to suffer from nutritional goiter due to insufficient iodine intake. This explains the low thyroid levels, the enlarged thyroid, and the high level of TSH. The recommended treatment would be iodized salt or iodide supplements. 176) When patients who are receiving glucocorticoid therapy (for example, with prednisone) need to stop taking it, the doctor will prescribe a series of doses of tapering size to gradually lower the dose rather than suddenly stop it. Explain this dosage strategy in terms of the negative feedback control of cortisol secretion. Answer: Glucocorticoids inhibit the production of corticotrophin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus and ACTH by the anterior pituitary. High doses of prednisone will mean that levels of ACTH in the patient have been quite low, and so the zona fasciculate of the suprarenal cortex will have not been stimulated for a while and can't do much synthesis. By slowly reducing the prednisone, it gives the patient's own ability to make cortisol a chance to recover and thus prevents collapse of blood pressure and other serious effects of suddenly withholding the corticosteroid. 177) What does it mean to say that the pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine organ? Answer: The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells. Cells of the endocrine pancreas form clusters called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) and the exocrine cells cluster in structures called pancreatic acini. The endocrine cells secrete at their basal surfaces into the interstitial space, exactly opposite to the exocrine gland cells, which secrete fluid and digestive enzymes out of their apical surfaces into tiny ducts. The pancreatic islets secrete the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, which diffuse into nearby capillaries and then reach cells throughout the body via the circulation. The pancreatic exocrine secretions enter the intestine during digestion and play a key role in both protecting the epithelium and dissolving food particles into their constituent building blocks. 178) Describe the four patterns of hormonal interaction. Answer: Hormones can interact in one of four ways: antagonistic interactions oppose one another; synergistic interactions enhance the effects of each hormone; permissive effects occur when one hormone is required for the other to function; and integrative effects occur when the action of a hormone differs with differing target organs. 179) Describe the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) that constitute the body's response to stress. Which endocrine secretions play dominant roles in the alarm and resistance phases? Answer: The three phases are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. During the alarm phase, energy reserves are mobilized and the body prepares itself with "fight or flight" responses. During the resistance phase, glucocorticoids are released to (1) mobilize lipid and protein reserves, (2) conserve glucose for neural tissue, (3) elevate and stabilize blood glucose concentrations, (4) conserve salts and water, and (5) lose K+ and H+. During the exhaustion phase, homeostatic regulation breaks down. Epinephrine plays a dominant role in the alarm phase and glucocorticoids are dominant in the resistance phase.