General Vaccine Information

General Vaccine Information vaccine formulations that contain the same germs mat couse disease weakened the germs have been either Killed of weake stimulates the immune system to produce immune mediators (antibodies) once the immune system is primed to recognized/respond to the palkagen, the individual builds on immunity for any subsequent exposures a powerful medicine bo it con prevent disease vaccination intentional exposure te on altered polmagen axe inaculatin Immunization the process of eliciting a state of protective immunity against a pathogen booster shat a dose of vaccine feeded periodically to boost the immune response against anfigen vaccine (poly) valency poly valent vaccines are drsigted to protect against multiple stains of antigen Contra indications when treatment should not be used be it could be unsafe for a particular individuals hera immunity when the majority of the population is immune to infectious agents, the chance that the ng comes inle contact w/ a Susceptible individual are greally reduced marbidity state of illmss; decreased health mortality death imogenicity the ability to provoke an immune response efficacy therapulic effectiveness (or lack of) of a vaccine Safely the presence/absence of adverse events agreise events an unfarotairie/unintended disease associated w/ a drug/recine vaccine campaigns (particularly in children) bave dramatically reduced the risk of droth from infectious disease active immunization indvees immunity memay improved technology has led to more sophisticated vaccines goals of immunization: - safety de no harm -efficacy effectiveness of drug -sustainability/achievability in target population raccine development basic research and rationel design are important to advance vaccine development research to discover immunogens and epitopes. the best immunogens cantain epitopes that can elicit both Band T cell responses identification of specific immune targets are crucial for full development there are ways to tailor the desirable specific memory response before encountering the real antigen vaccine types TABLE 14-4 Types of Vaccines and Their Pros and Cons Type Live, uterused Description Whale pothogen treажний по бискаме pathogenicity but maintain immunogenicity, may still replicate Killed or inactivated Whale pathogen killed or inactivated block replication but maintai immurogenicity Toxold Subunit Peptide Chemically inactivated toxin of pathogen Pathogen protein er polysaccharide purified from natural sources or sized wving rDNA methods Major Pres Lower of down mooly very affedive Minimal need for adjuvant Supplies B and Tepitopes No possibilty of reversion No cold chain requires Supplies T and bepitopes No need to use whole organism Avaids use of whole organism Can be manipulated to increase Pathogen peptide purified from natural sources or synthesized using combinant DNA method Avoids use of whole organam Composition is known Recombinant DREA vector Vina-based vector containing recombinant DNA of pathogen antigen. Vaccinee is infected with the viral vector and the pathogen DNA is transcribed and translated within the vaccinee's calls like a viral Naked De protein Small amid containing recombinant pathogen DINA, Plasmid is injeded into a vaccinee, and the pathogen DNA is taken up by the vaccines's calls and transcribed and translated Very stable Avoids use of natural pathogen Replicates like a pathogen to produce large amounh of immunogen Supplies T and Bepitopes Minimal need for boosters and adjevant Easy and inexpensive to manipulate Induces B. Th and Te msponses Plasmid sequences may actos adjwant "An allevant subsence for erhonen local information and the immune impomes to rocce ongens Major Cons Cold chain required Chance of reversion of cherusting mutation Connatraplicats so requires boosters and adjuvant Does not usually To respons indues robust Effective only if disease caused solely by toxin Cen be costly to produce May not be as immunogenic as natural pathogen c Does not usually educe robust To respons Epitope size and sumber restricted May require coupling to o comer protein Possible side effets due to veckor component Activector arhbodies rased during priming may necessitate boosting with a different vector Not as immurogenic αι protein vaccines in humans plasmid into host Integration of cell genome may induce tumorigenesis