University:
York University
Course:
SC/BIOL 3120 | Immunobiology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

341

Pages:

3
Author:

Niklas

Naked DNA vaccine RNA is holated from the virus KNA used to synde CDNA 1 What are the benefits: Robust humoral and coll medated responses What are the drawbacks: Difficulty in delivery Genes for sunoduminant epitopes selected plasmid could be integrated into host genome, causing mutatice and potencial Ganes are inserted into plasmid vectors cance Development it ongoing WARRA Plasmid vectors are injected into the host Protein are made and presented by host naked no vector what if the antigen is a weak shimatator? Adjurant enhance the immune response to a vaccine Borrowed from NIAID promating inflammation recruits more immune cells to the area 4 enhance effectiveness adjuvants are chemicals that con help Alum good at stimulaling Tn2 but not Tul pesponses Vaccine delivery many raccines are effective at inducing a humoral (antibody) response, BUT don't activate a good cellular (CTL) response in order to generate a good CTL response, the antigen must be delivered inside the ISCOM OSCOM delivery of satigen into Pr cell for presentation via MHC class I lipid carriers known as immunostimulating complexes (15.coms) for delivery liposomes have a similar function live attenuated vaccines: What is it? The pathogen is alive, but is attenuated (disabled: no longer virulent); grown under sub-optimal conditions Pathogenicity is lost, but immunogenicity is retained Grown under sub-optimal conditions; the pathogen survives and reproduces but can't cause harm What are the benefits? They requires relatively few (if any) booster immunizations because thay mimic the 'real' conditions of the pathogen Some are attenuated in certain species, but not in others. The initial responss is strong, larga quantities of immunogen are made Some can be produced by growing the pathogen in abnormal culture conditions (not really a benefit) Bacilus Calmante-Guerin (BGC) for tuberculosis Some can be genetically engineered (RuMist) Example: Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) What are the drawbacks? Potential mutation (reversion) back to virulent ferm (OPV estimated to be I in 2.4 million) Risk of some disease-related complications (48 cases of encephalitis in 75 milion doses of measles vaccine) Requires cold-chain (refrigeration); live vaccines aren't always stable Recombinant DNA technology can now be used to make them safer Willed/inactivated vaccines What is it? The pathogen struntare the spitopes are proserved but the patogen cost replicate or become wha The windle pathogen is tied or activation jeg imwsabon ar chemical re What are the benefits? Safer campuredow moves Morz suble (agan, compared to live actin They after don't require a cold-chain What are the drawbacks? Noc as robust of a response (compared to live vaccines) booster shots Because they don't replicate, they require large quantities Because they're dead, they can't penetrate host cells, Because they can't penetrate host cells, the endogenous response is severely diminished that means the response is almost entirely humoral and not cell-mediated Toxord Vaccines: What is it? The danase may be due to an exotoxin secretion and not due to the pathogen itsell Toxoids are exotoxins that love been chemicaly altered such chut lose their pathogenicity but retain ther inmusagenicity What are the benefits? Neutralizing antibodies bled co the toxin and render & harmless What are the drawbacks? Only works on those pathogens that secrete toxins