Lecture Note
Respondent Conditioning Lecture Note
-
University:
Georgia Southern University -
Course:
PSYC 1101 | Introduction of Psychology Academic year:
2024
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Views:
440
Pages:
44
Author:
Jalen W.
The Rat is Always Right…
“ I remember the rage I used to feel
when a prediction went awry. I could
have shouted at the subjects of my
experiments, “Behave, damn you!
Behave as you ought!” Eventually I
realized that the subjects were always
right. They always behaved the way they
should have behaved. It was I who was
wrong. I had made the bad prediction.”
--- Walden Two (1948), B.F. Skinner Philosophy of Behaviorism
§ Behaviorism
§ Philosophy: Behavior is a subject
matter worthy of its own study
§ Contrary to the typical approach of
behavior as a way of studying what
was going on in the mind or psyche
§ Behaviorism: The philosophy of the
science of behavior Behavior of Organisms
B.F Skinner
• Wrote “The Behavior of Organisms” in
1938
• Summarized his laboratory work with
animals Science of Behavior
Behaviorism
(Philosophy)
Experimental
Analysis of Behavior
Applied Behavior
Analysis Science of Behavior
Behaviorism
(Philosophy)
Experimental Analysis of
Behavior
Applied Behavior
Analysis Adapted from Dr. Blair Lloyd G
Respondent
Conditioning Ivan Pavlov
§ Russian physiologist
studying digestion
§ Won the Nobel Prize in
1904
§ Accidental discovery of
respondent conditioning Pavlov’s
experiments
• While studying digestion in
dogs, Pavlov noticed that
the dogs would begin to
salivate whenever his
assistant, who normally
fed them, came into the
room
• STOMACH ACID WAS
PRODUCED, BEFORE FOOD
REACHES THE STOMACH Adapted from Dr. Blair Lloyd Adapted from Dr. Blair Lloyd Adapted from Dr. Blair Lloyd Adapted from Dr. Blair Lloyd Adapted from Dr. Blair Lloyd Pavlov’s Experiment
• Pavlov used these findings to establish the principles of respondent
conditioning/classical conditioning/Pavlovian conditioning
• Respondent Conditioning
• The repeated pairing of two stimuli resulting in a previously neutral
stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus RESPONDENT CONDITIONING
• Neutral Stimulus (NS) – detectable change in the environment;
DOES NOT produce a response
• E.g., the sound of a bell
• Unconditioned stimulus (US) – detectable change in the
environment that produces a response WITHOUT ANY LEARNING
• E.g., food, meat
• Unconditioned response (UR) – the response of the organism in
the presence of the US (REFLEXIVE RESPONSE – NOT LEARNED)
• E.g., salivation Respondent Conditioning
• Conditioned stimulus: a detectable change in the
environment that produces a response due to a
learning history in which stimuli have been paired
together.
• Conditioned response: the response of an organism
that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus Your friend goes to a bar. There is a special on
tequila shots! Even though your friend never
drinks tequila, he decides the deal is too good to
pass up. Your friend drinks SEVERAL shots of
tequila (all of which make him nauseous), and he
has a horrific hangover the next day. The next
weekend you and your friend go to the bar, you
surprise him and buy him a tequila shot. Just the
sight and smell of the tequila causes a wave of
nausea to rush over your friend. Now every time
he smells tequila, without even drinking it, he
feels sick. UR
US
NS NS
US
UR CS
CR Practice Opportunity
Homer loves donuts. Each time he eats a donut, he
salivates. But he has no reaction to Lisa playing the
saxophone. Each time Lisa plays the saxophone, she
gives Homer a donut. Over time, Homer begins to
salivate each time Lisa plays the saxophone.
• What is the US
• What is the NS?
• What is the UR?
• What is the CS and CR? US
NS
UR US
CS
UR
NS
CR Practice Opportunity
• Joe is walking down the street and sees a cute
dog. He approaches it and it bites him. This
leaves him traumatized. Now, every time Joe
sees a dog, he feels scared and anxious.
• What is the US
• What is the NS?
• What is the UR?
• What is the CS and CR? Practice Opportunity
• One day, you eat so much chocolate cake, you
end up getting sick. Now each time you see or
even smell chocolate cake, you feel sick.
• What is the US
• What is the NS?
• What is the UR?
• What is the CS and CR? John B. Watson
Can an irrational fear be
explained by using respondent
conditioning?
Can we create a phobia in a
subject with a limited learning
history? Little Albert Background
Before experiment started:
Little Albert reacted to the
white rat with curiosity (he had
no fear response)
Little Albert DID have a fear
response to a very loud noise
(understandable for a baby) BOOM!
US
UR
BOOM!
US
NS
UR CS
CR Factors influencing Respondent
Conditioning
• Timing of the US/NS presentations (e.g., trace, delay,
simultaneous, and backward)
• The intensity of the US and NS
• The reliability of pairings between the US and NS. Every trial is
best.
• Number of US/CS pairings. The more the better. Can occur with
one.
• Prior exposure to NS (CS) unpaired with US.
• Biological preparedness – members of a species are more readily
conditioned to some NS as CS than others. Stimulus Generalization
§ Stimulus Generalization (respondent)- A CR that becomes more
likely in the presence of one stimulus due to similarities
between that stimulus and another stimulus involved in original
conditioning Stimulus Discrimination
§ Stimulus Discrimination (respondent)- a conditioned
response that occurs in the presence of a conditioned
stimulus but not in the presence of other dissimilar
stimuli What
happened to
little Albert?
• His mother was paid $1 for Albert’s
participation
• Albert was never de-conditioned
• A team of researchers discovered that
Albert died at age 6 of acquired
hydrocephalus, and they were unable to
determine if Albert‘s fear of furry objects
persisted after he left Hopkins
• How could Watson have de-conditioned
Albert?
• Respondent extinction Respondent Extinction
Respondent Extinction- when a conditioned stimulus
becomes neutral again due to repeated presentations of
the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the stimulus it
was originally paired with.
§ E.g. It gradually goes away (disappears)
§ Need many trials of pairings to do this. BOOM
!
US
CS
CR
BOOM
!
US
CS
CR
BOOM
!
US
CS
CR Respondent extinction Systematic Desensitization
§ Systematic Desensitization: exposure to hierarchy of anxiety producing
situations during relaxation training
§ Imaginary or in vivo
§ Counterconditioning
§ Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR): tenseà release
§ Diaphragmatic breathing: deep, regular breathing
§ Attention focusing exercises: think about something pleasant
§ Behavioral relaxation training: taught postures to facilitate
relaxation and deep breathing
Respondent Conditioning Lecture Note
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