Lecture Note
Psychological Disorders Supplementary Materials
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University:
Georgia Southern University -
Course:
PSYC 1101 | Introduction of Psychology Academic year:
2024
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Views:
257
Pages:
40
Author:
Jalen W.
Psychological Disorders
• Syndrome (collection of symptoms) marked by a “clinically significant
disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or
behavior” (APA, 2013) Approaches to Treatment
• Medical Model: Born out of understanding that syphilis invades the
brain
• Triggered an eagerness for research on the physical cause for mental
disorders
• Biopsychosocial Approach: Confluence of biological influences,
psychological influences, and social-cultural influences Classifying Disorders
• Diagnostic and Statical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
• Physicians and mental health workers use the DSM to guide diagnoses and
treatment
• Some disorders are reliably diagnosed and some are not
• Agreement for PTSD and autism are high (about 70%) while antisocial personality
disorder and generalized anxiety disorder was 20%
• Critics fault the DSM for casting too wide of a net and bringing any
behavior within the compass of psychiatry (Eysenck et al., 1983) Rates of Psychological Disorders
• In 2016, mental and addictive disorders affected more than 1 billion
people
• In the US, 47 million adults (19%) experienced a mental illness within
the last year Risk of Harm to Self and Others
• Suicide: 800,000 people worldwide commit suicide
• Those who are anxious, risk of suicide is tripled and those who are depressed
risk of suicide is quintupled
• Risk of suicide often is highest when people are recovering from the depths of
depression (where they lack the energy), but when they have the rebound,
they become capable of following through Risk of Harm to Self and Others
• Suicide
• Within the US, White and Native Americans die by suicide roughly twice as
often as Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians
• Women are more likely than mend to consider or attempt suicide, but
worldwide men are more likely to die by suicide
• About 47,000 Americans die each year by suicide, half with guns
• Hard to predict Anxiety Disorders
• Marked by distressing, persistency anxiety, or dysfunctional anxietyreducing behaviors
• Generalized Anxiety Disorders
• Excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for six months or more
• Anxiety is free-floating and not linked to a specific threat
• Panic Disorder
• Recurrent panic attacks (about 3% of people)
• Specific Phobias
• Consumed by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of some object,
situation, or activity Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• Marked by obsessive thoughts
• Unwanted and seemingly unending
• and compulsive behaviors
• Responses to those thoughts
• Affects about 2% of the population
• OCD is more common among teens and young adults than older
people
• Can gradually lessen over time and some people experience recovery
• Related disorders include hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic
disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling), or excoriation (skin-picking) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Recurring, vivid, distressing memories and nightmares from a
traumatic event (e.g., terror, torture, rape, earthquakes, refugee
displacement)
• Often entails laser-focused attention on possible threats, social withdrawal,
jumpy anxiety, and trouble sleeping
• Survivor Resiliency: Many people will experience a traumatic event,
recovering after severe stress
• 5-10% of people will develop PTSD after a traumatic event Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
• Medically unexplained illnesses
• Distressing symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent
physical causes
• Illness anxiety disorder (previously hypochondriasis) Major Depressive Disorder
• Characterized by a depressed mood most of the time, dramatically
reduced interest in things of enjoyment, significant challenges with
sleep, challenges regulating appetite and weight, physical agitation,
and thinking of death and suicide
• Number one reason why individuals seek mental health services
• 1 in 10 adults had experienced severe depression in the previous year
(Hasin et al., 2018)
• Across 21 counties, 4.6% of people experienced moderate to severe
depression (Thornicroft et al., 2017) Bipolar Disorders
• Rapid transition from one emotional extreme to the next (week to
week, rather than day to day or moment to moment)
• Depressive episodes: Characterized by low, lethargic mood
• Manic episodes: Euphoric, overly talkative, wildly energetic, less need
for sleep
• Many creatives may struggle with bipolar disorder Genetic Influences
• Depression and Bipolar disorders tend to run in families Gender and Depression
• Women are twice as likely to take antidepressant drugs (Pratt et al.,
2017)
• Women may respond more strongly to stress (Hankin & Abramson,
2001)
• Women’s tendency to overthink may lead to rumination (NolenHoeskema, 2003)
• Rumination: relentless, self-focused, negative emotions and thoughts Stable vs. Temporary
Global vs. Specific
Internal vs. External Brain Activity
• Changes in brain activity Schizophrenia
• Severe periods in which individuals live in a private inner world
preoccupied with strange ideas and images that haunt them
• May hallucinate, have delusions, disorganized speech, positive
symptoms such as laughter or negative emotions such as tears and
rage
• Abnormal brain development and activity
• Fetal-virus infections increase the odds of developing schizophrenia
• Influenza risk, seasonal risk, densely populated areas Dissociative Disorders
• Person’s conscious awareness separates from painful memories,
thoughts, and feelings
• Disassociation can be relatively common for us to experience
• Sense of feeling unreal, preoccupied mind
• Dissociative Identity Disorder: Massive disassociation from ordination
consciousness with two or more distinct identities Personality Disorders
• Inflexible and enduring behavior that interfere with social functioning
characterized by anxiety (avoidant), eccentric or odd behaviors,
dramatic or impulsive behaviors
• Antisocial personality disorder: Socially harmful and remorseless
behavior (lying, stealing, fighting, or unrestrained sexual behavior)
• Usually in males and displayed symptoms by age of 8
• Lower hormonal arousal (less adrenaline) Eating Disorders
• Anorexia nervosa: Starvation or exercising excessively, focused on
losing weight (2.6 million Americans)
• Usually present in female adolescents
• Bulimia nervosa: Cycle of repeated episodes of binge eating
alternates with compensation behaviors such as vomiting, laxative
use, fasting, or excessive exercise (2.6 million Americans)
• Mostly affects women in late teens and early twenties
• Binge-eating disorder: Bouts of significant binging followed by
remorse (2.7 billion Americans) Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
• Intellectual disability: Low intellectual functioning and difficulty with
adaptive skills such as reading, writing, self-care
• Autism spectrum disorder: Characterized by deficits in social
communication and presentation of restricted and repetitive
behaviors
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Characteristic of inability to
attend to certain stimuli, impulsive, hyperactive, overly rambunctious
Psychological Disorders Supplementary Materials
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